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Gastroenterology Research

Review

Volume 15, Number 6, December 2022, pages 308-313

Gastrocolic Fistula: An Extraordinary Gastrointestinal Fistula

Gastrocolic (GC) fistula is defined as an abnormal pathological communication between the epithelialized mucosal layer of the stomach and the large bowel [1]. It is very rare gastrointestinal medical condition, and its precise incidence is unknown and differs between the western and eastern nations. In western countries, its incidence following operations is about 0.4% [2]. It is a disease of females between ages 50s and 60s (female/male (F/M) ratio: 2:1). On the other hand, in eastern world, mainly Japan, it is more common in males with an M/F ratio of 5:2 [3]. Although any part of both organs can be involved, the abnormal fistulous connection usually develops between the greater curvature of the stomach and distal part of the transverse colon [4]. This is mainly due to the close proximity between the aforementioned organ parts, being separated only by the GC ligament. Sometimes, a third gastrointestinal organ may be involved as well. In spite of a variety of therapeutic approaches (invasive and noninvasive), patients usually suffer from poor prognosis, mainly due to late diagnosis and therefore late intervention [3]. Long-term survival is usually unknown due to a lack of reported long-term follow-up.

The first case of GC fistula was described by Albrecht von Haller in 1755 [5]. In this case, which was not reported to the English literature, the patient suffered from an advanced malignant tumor of the stomach. It is in 1920 that the first case of GC fistula was reported in the English literature, by Douglas Firth [6]. Benign gastric ulcer was the primary pathological disease causing this fistula. Worth mentioning, during the early years of the previous century, only malignant diseases were suspected to be the causative factors for GC fistulas. It is largely due to Douglas’s reported case, which has increased physicians’ awareness, especially during the second half of the previous century, for benign diseases and medical treatment as an etiology for GC fistulas.

Several classification systems have been developed to classify GC fistulas depending on daily amount of secretions, mode of formation, or according to involved organs [7]. It is divided into low-output fistula when daily amount is less than 500 mL and high-output when daily amount is more than 500 mL. On the other hand, according to formation mode, it is divided into primary and secondary, when it develops spontaneously or following surgical resection of the stomach or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) migration, respectively [8]. The most commonly used classification system, which divides GC fistulas into three types, depends on accompanied involved organs: internal (between the stomach and the colon: GC/cologastric depending on the primary organ of fistula origination), external (between the colon and the skin (colocutaneous fistula)) and complicated when a third organ other than the stomach and colon is also involved (such as gastropancreatocolic/gastrojejunocolic fistulas) [9, 10]. The latter type is the least common and the most difficult to manage.

As have been mentioned before, the etiological factors that can cause the development of GC fistulas have undergone many changes over the years during the last century. This in turn, increased physicians’ awareness in treating this rare group of patients. Three periods, in terms of causative factors can be noticed: 1) early 1990s, during which malignant tumors were thought to be the sole precipitating factors for GC fistulas; 2) late 1990s when benign diseases, especially benign gastric ulcers, were highly recognized and became the most common causes; and 3) early 2000s, which demonstrates dramatic decrease in reports of GC fistulas due to gastric ulcers. Nowadays, it is well known that malignant as well as benign gastrointestinal diseases can lead to GC fistula. In addition, some medical treatment may play a role in the etiology.

The most common cause of GC fistula in adults is malignant disease of the stomach or colon [11]. In the eastern world, gastric cancer is the most frequent cause, while carcinoma of the colon, especially the transverse part, is the most common in western countries. GC fistula due to malignant disease is usually rare and a late complication, mainly due to delayed tumor detection. This type of fistula may constitute a sign of advanced stage of the tumor due to direct invasion of adjacent organ and signals poor prognosis [3]. Other less common malignant tumors that can cause GC fistula include lymphoma of the stomach, Hodgkin lymphoma, carcinoid tumor of the colon, locally advanced tumors of the duodenum, pancreas, or biliary tree or metastatic lesions to the stomach [7, 12]. In his case, Chiang et al described a female patient with cervical cancer, who developed metastatic lesion to the stomach in the form of ulcer developing GC fistula [12]. Few cases of primary gastric lymphoma were reported as the cause of GC fistula [13-15]. In most of them, advanced stage non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma is the most common lymphoma subtype. Lynch et al [16] described a case of long-term survival following surgical management of GC fistula due to carcinoid tumor of the transverse colon.

A long list of benign diseases causing GC fistula is already mentioned.

Crohn’s disease is a well-known fistulous gastrointestinal disease, of which GC fistula is an extremely rare complication [17]. The most accepted theory for GC fistula development in patients with Crohn’s disease is the transmural involvement of a segment of the transverse colon with secondary involvement of the stomach (cologastric fistula). The first case of GC fistula due to Crohn’s disease was described by Bargan et al in 1937 [18]. Very few cases were reported to the English literature since then. Wu et al [19] described a case of young patient with Crohn’s disease who suffered from GC fistula and was missed by the initial workup which included upper and lower endoscopy as well as abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. The patient was treated by surgical means.

Benign gastric ulcer disease is also regarded as a potential cause for GC fistula. The first case was reported, as already mentioned, in 1920 [6]. Since then, several reports in the form of case reports and case series were published. Abeygunasekera et al [10] reported a case of complicated GC fistula (gastropancreaticocolic fistula) due to benign gastric ulcer that was treated by non-surgical measures. A case series of 14 patients [20], most of which were males in their 40s was reported. In this case series, diagnosis was made mostly by barium swallow or enema, and the patients were treated successfully either by surgical (eight patients) or by conservative (non-surgical/six patients) means. One case of mortality (due to line sepsis) was reported in the non-surgical group of patients. Worth mentioning, most of the reported case studies in the English literature were before the era of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) management (before 1990); for later on, a decrease in reported cases was observed. This demonstrates a marked improvement in the treatment of patients with benign gastric ulcer.

GC fistula may develop as a complication of chronic relapsing pancreatitis as well as acute necrotizing pancreatitis [21, 22]. Fistula formation is an uncommon yet reported complication following severe episode of necrotizing infected pancreatitis. Although any part of the gastrointestinal tract may be affected, the colon is the most common organ to be involved by a fistulous tract [23]. Multiple theories can explain this rare complication: 1) erosion theory: pancreatic enzymes erosion into adjacent organs wall, which in turn leads to degradation of both stomach and colonic walls and fistula formation; 2) ischemic theory: severe inflammatory process causing thrombosis of arterial supply and venous drainage, which in turn causes ischemic changes and possible fistula formation; 3) surgical theory: following surgical intervention (necrosectomy vs. drainage) with possible iatrogenic injury. Up to date, very few case reports (less than five) of GC fistulas following pancreatitis were reported.

Diverticulitis of the large bowel, especially at the splenic flexure, was mentioned as a cause for GC fistula [24]. Reviewing the current English literature reveals only one case report of diverticulitis causing GC fistula.

Medications, especially aspirin, steroid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are rare reported causes of GC fistulas. The relationship between the increased usages of these medications, mainly aspirin, has been studied extensively. In a case series including eight patients with radiologically proven GC fistula, aspirin-induced ulcer at the greater curve of the stomach was the cause in half of the patients (four patients) [25]. Other report described aspirin-induced ulcer resulting in GC fistula formation in a middle-aged female patient [26]. Abusers of other NSAIDs types and steroids have a higher risk for ulcer-induced GC fistula [27].

PEG placement is an effective technique, used nowadays for enteral feeding for patients with inability for self-oral feeding. Although regarded as a safe procedure, complications such as infection, leakage, free perforation, displacement, and GC fistulas are reported, with the latter being a very rare complication. Huang et al [28] described the case of GC fistula 2 months following PEG insertion, when patient complaint was the passage of undigested food by stool. PEG causing GC fistula has been reported in different articles as well [29, 30]. The mechanism includes either continuous irritation with chronic inflammation or direct invasion of the colon and fistula formation.

Gastric operations have been regarded as a benign cause for GC fistulas. The history of the first case dates back to 1948 [31], when a complicated type of GC fistula (involving the stomach, jejunum and transverse colon) developed following surgical vagotomy done for gastric ulcer. During the last two decades, a dramatic increase in bariatric surgeries for the management of morbid obesity has been noticed. Since then, several reports for GC fistula mainly following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and to a lesser extent, following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) have been reported. Few cases (less than 10) of GC fistulas after sleeve gastrectomy have been described [32-34]. The most feared complication following this procedure is stapler line leakage, with an incidence rate of 1-7% [35]. Leak is usually classified as acute (within 1 week of index operation), early (1 - 6 weeks), late (6 - 12 weeks) and chronic (more than 12 weeks) [36]. GC fistula following sleeve gastrectomy develops usually in patients suffering from chronic leak. The suggested pathogenesis is as follow: chronic leak leads to a chronic inflammatory process and adhesions of the stomach to the colon, usually the transverse part, this in turn leads to continuous irritation and fistula formation. Up to date, only two cases of GC fistulas, as a late complication following RYGB have been reported in the English literature [37, 38]. The exact pathogenesis for this complication is unknown, yet it is believed that chronic marginal ulcer at the gastrojejunal anastomosis is the precipitating etiology. GC fistula may develop following LAGB [39], due to colonic wall penetration by the band.

Extremely rare causes of GC fistulas include: tuberculosis, trauma, cytomegalovirus infection of the stomach, colitis and following coronary artery bypass with right gastroepiploic artery involvement [7, 40].

GC fistula has been described also in the pediatric age group of patients, with causes being inadvertent ingestion of foreign body and corrosive acid material. A case of multiple magnets [41] ingestion causing GC fistula was reported. An endoscopic trial for magnets removal failed and the child was consequently treated by surgical means. Ingestion of bathroom floor cleaning acid was the cause in another case of a 14-year-old girl [42], treated conservatively with spontaneous fistula healing after 3 months. The pathogenesis for the aforementioned causes in children is unknown.

Patients with GC fistulas can present with any gastrointestinal symptom, of which the most common is the clinical triad of vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss [5, 6, 11]. This in turn may cause severe malnutrition. The vomitus is usually of fecal odor or contents, while the diarrhea is usually acidic due to the rapid passage of gastric acidic contents to the large bowel. Although diarrhea has been mentioned as one of the clinical triad, its presence is highly variable and depends on several fistula-related factors such as: fistula orifice diameter, length of the fistulous tract and the presence/absence of obstruction [43]. Hence, some patients may present with constipation rather than diarrhea. About 30% of patients with GC fistula reported gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of melena, hematochezia, or hematemesis [10]. Other less common documented symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, fecal halitosis, dizziness, and general weakness.

The previously mentioned clinical symptoms may result in malnutrition and anorexia, dehydration and electrolyte disturbances, metabolic disorders, vitamins deficiency, anemia, sepsis, acute kidney injury and in severe forms multi-organ failure.

Diagnosis of GC fistula is very challenging to the treating physicians, and high index of suspicion is warranted for early diagnosis and treatment. Usually, a combination of tests including radiological exams and upper/lower endoscopy is needed.

An abdomino-pelvic CT scan with oral contrast is a very good diagnostic model, yet it lacks high rates of sensitivity and specificity [11, 44]. This radiological exam is essential as it can identify the underlying cause and extent of the disease (in the case of malignancy or inflammatory process) and length of the fistulous tract. Endoscopy, either lower or upper, should not be regarded as the initial tests during work up for GC fistula, as these tests are highly dependent on the diameter of the fistula orifice as small orifices are easily missed [45]. On the contrary, gastroscopy and colonoscopy are crucial to exclude an underlying gastric or colonic malignancy as predisposing diseases, respectively.

The diagnostic method of choice for GC fistula is barium enema. The diagnostic accuracy rate for such modality is up to 95% [46]. Barium swallow is another reliable diagnostic tool, yet its diagnostic rates are very low at 25% only (Fig. 1).

Click for large image

Figure 1. Barium swallow test demonstrates leakage of contrast from the upper part of the stomach with communication (fistula) to the transverse colon and contrast material filling the colon (arrow).

Management of GC fistula is highly variable and depends mainly on the underlying pathological disease. As most patients present initially with vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, malnutrition, and electrolyte disturbances, we recommend the step wise approach. Initial supportive measures including rehydration with intravenous fluids, electrolyte disturbances and acute kidney injury correction, vitamin supplements, and nutritional support rich in protein and carbohydrates, usually by means of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is highly advisable for few days [47].

In general, the mainstay of treatment is surgical resection of the fistulous tract alone or along with the involved organs.

In the case of malignant disease of the stomach or colon, a complete systemic workup is recommended by chest and abdominopelvic CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Surgical resection of the fistula along with the involved organs is the therapeutic option of choice, even for palliative measures in patients with metastatic disease (stage IV disease). As these patients are already debilitated due to diarrhea and malnutrition, they will not tolerate the systemic side effects of chemo-radiotherapy.

Recently, endoscopic management using various endoscopic devices has become an accepted initial therapy, especially for benign diseases causing GC fistula. Available endoscopic devices include loops, hemoclips, over the scope clip (OTSC) system, fibrin glue injection and endoscopic stents [48]. The success rate for the aforementioned devices depends on fistula-related factors, such as fistula orifice diameter and consistency of the surrounding tissues. Large orifices and chronic fibrotic surrounding tissues are negative predictive factors for successful endoscopic management, mainly by loops or hemoclips. Endoscopic injection of fibrin glue into the fistulous tract have been reported with variable success rates [49]. In his case, Monkemuller et al [48] report a successful endoscopic closure of a GC fistula, following complex upper gastrointestinal surgery, by OTSC system. A successful endoscopic closure of GC fistula following PEG insertion by OTSC system has also been reported in another case report [50]. A case series including three patients with complicated GC fistula (gastrocolocutaneous fistula) following endoscopic gastrostomy was reported by Nunes et al [51]. Patients were treated conservatively with spontaneous fistula closure in all patients, followed by combined endoscopic and laparoscopic fistula resection and gastrostomy in two patients. Sometimes, more than one endoscopic trial is needed to achieve complete closure of the fistula. Most of the reported cases and case series for benign diseases were treated by surgical resection. Although two-stage procedures, with resection of the fistula along with the involved organs and end colostomy was the preferred operation, nowadays, in the absence of severe ongoing inflammatory process, a single-stage procedure is highly recommended [45].

Worth mentioning, all cases of GC fistula following bariatric procedures were treated by surgical means, except one [52], which was treated successfully by endoscopic measures and primary closure of the fistulous orifices by hemoclips.

Some authors recommend the use of somatostatin analogue (octreotide) as an adjunct, to decrease the gastrointestinal secretions. Although the relationship between this medication and pancreatic fistulas have already been studied, its potential use and success rates in treating GC fistulas are largely unknown up to date [20].

In some cases, the fistula healed spontaneously with supportive management only [42], or by acid reducing agents (PPIs/ H2 blockers) when the underlying pathological disease was benign gastric ulcer [53].

The term GC fistula is a very old medical term, which dates back to more than 100 years. Its history has experienced dramatic changes in terms of etiology, diagnosis as well as management. Although GC fistula is a well-studied medical disease, it still poses great challenge to the treating medical team. This is mainly due to it being uncommon and highly forgotten. Patients usually present late and have poor prognosis. Several pathological diseases have been raised and proved as etiological precipitating factors, with malignant diseases of the stomach and colon being the most common. Of the available tests for diagnosis, barium enema has the highest diagnostic rates, yet a combination of radiological and endoscopic exams is needed for a complete workup. Management should be headed by a multidisciplinary team that includes surgeons, gastroenterologists, radiologist, nutritionists, and oncologists (in the case of malignant disease) in a stepwise manner. Supportive management is the initial therapeutic step followed by conservative, endoscopic or surgical management, depending on the etiological medical cause.

Acknowledgments

None to declare.

Financial Disclosure

This is a self-funding article and none to be declared.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Author Contributions

S. Mansour and R. Marjiyeh-Awwad collected the data and designed the review. S. Khuri wrote and approved the final paper.

Data Availability

The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Abbreviations

GC: gastrocolic; CT: computed tomography

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