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Gastroenterology Research

Case Report

Volume 14, Number 2, April 2021, pages 116-124

Primary Basidiobolomycosis of the Cecum in Immunocompetent Patients: Two Case Reports

There are more than100,000 fungi worldwide, but only about 150 of them are pathogenic. Basidiobolomycosis is caused by the fungi of Basidiobolus ranarum (B. ranarum), which is a low virulent fungus of the order Entomophthorales that belongs to the class Zygomycetes. B. ranarum fungi were first reported in frogs in 1886. They are environmental saprophytic fungi found in decaying fruits, vegetable matters and soil. They are commensals in the guts of bats, dogs, frogs, amphibians, fish and reptiles [1-4].

In humans, basidiobolomycosis is an aggressive and fatal disease. Its treatment options include surgical resection and intensive, and prolonged systemic antifungal treatment. Basidiobolomycosis, not like other fungal infections, always impacts immunocompetent individuals. Infections of B. ranarum are well-known in the skin and subcutaneous tissue; however, gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is a rare occurrence [2, 5, 6]. In humans, the first identified case of subcutaneous basidiobolomycosis infection was documented in Indonesia in 1956 [7]. In 1964, the initially recognized case of GIB was reported in a 4-year-old boy [8]. Here, in this endeavor, the authors presented a reappraisal of the current relevant literature about basidiobolomycosis. It also describes two cases of primary basidiobolomycosis of the cecum.

In zygomycosis (phycomycosis), there is the infiltration of the tissues by broad, non-septate, fungal hyphae. The latter includes multiple genera such as Mucorales, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Conidiobolus, Absidia, and Basidiobolus [2]. Two orders are included in Zygomycetes namely Mucorales and Entomophthorales. Mucorales involve only the immunocompromised patient. Just the opposite, Entomophthorales, which include Basidiobolus genera, involves usually the immunocompetent individuals, and it is exceptionally rare in immunocompromised patients. Just the opposite, Mucormycosis has been rarely reported in immunocompetent hosts with no underlying disease. The laboratory identification of Zygomycetes is established on morphological features, namely the presence of either sexual reproductive elements (known as zygospores) or asexual reproductive bodies (known as conidia) [9, 10].

Primary basidiobolomycosis of the colon is an exceptionally rare pathology that can affect all age groups. It is endemic in warm areas such as tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, Arizona, Asia (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, and India), and Africa because the fungus prefers to flourish mostly in a warm and humid atmosphere [11]. The clinical presentation includes fever, weight loss, abdominal pain in a patient with intestinal mass or wall thickening, and concomitant elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and eosinophilia [2, 8, 12-15]. The involvement of the cecum is rare and can masquerade several conditions including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, indeterminate colitis, immunodeficiency disorder, or malignant neoplasms (colonic lymphomas, carcinomas, sarcomas), and as such, it poses a diagnostic challenge [16]. Failure of response to treatment regimens consisting of anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive therapy, and immune-modulatory agents used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases should raise the suspicion of an alternative cause for eosinophil-rich inflammation such as basidiobolomycosis [6]. The management options in basidiobolomycosis include combined surgical resection and antifungal drugs such as itraconazole and amphotericin [17].

Here, this study describes two cases of primary basidiobolomycosis of the cecum. The unique addition of our study is that these cases were reported in immunocompetent patients and both presented with features masquerading colon cancer. Our study also emphasized that the best diagnostic clue for colonic basidiobolomycosis is by including this entity in the differential diagnosis, especially in immunocompetent patients presenting with nonspecific clinical (unexplained fever and abdominal pain), radiological (colonic wall thickening or mass lesions), and laboratory (eosinophilia, and high ESR) findings.

A 23-year male presented with a history of constipation, weight loss, and rectal bleeding. He had no history of immune deficiency or immunosuppressive therapy. There was no evidence of lymphadenopathy or organomegaly on general examination. The white blood cell (WBC) counts were 6.4 × 10⁹/L, eosinophils: 19.8%, and absolute eosinophil count: 1.26 × 10⁹ cells/L. Other laboratory investigations were unremarkable. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast revealed a large soft tissue density mass measuring 10.5 × 8.8 × 4.2 cm (in its maximal dimensions) at the anatomical location of the cecum and ascending colon, contacting the abdominal wall anteriorly, and psoas muscle posteriorly. The appendix could not be visualized. The mass was associated with mild amounts of fluid (4.4 × 1.9 × 2.7 cm) and multiple variable-sized localized lymph nodes (the smallest was 0.5 cm and the largest was up to 2.0 cm). No CT findings of intestinal obstruction were noted. The lung, kidneys, adrenals, liver, spleen, and pancreas were unremarkable. A summary of the radiological findings is shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Radiological features of the cecal and lymph nodal basidiobolomycosis (case 1). Abdominal CT scan with intravenous and oral contrast (a) axial, and (b) coronal revealed that diffuse enhancing soft tissue thickening (arrowhead) is seen involving cecum, ascending colon, and an appendix with enlarged enhancing local lymph nodes (arrow). CT: computed tomography.

The radiological impressions included the neoplastic versus inflammatory process. Colonoscopic examination revealed a long-segment ulcerative lesion involving the cecum and extending into the proximal part of the ascending colon. Histological examination of colonoscopic biopsy specimens from the ulcerative lesion revealed features of eosinophil-rich colitis with fungal elements in the expanded lamina propria (Fig. 2). En bloc resection of the terminal ileum, appendix, cecum, and right colon was done. At the time of laparotomy, a huge heterogeneous mass was seen involving the cecum and extending to the proximal part of the right colon. The regional lymph nodes were markedly enlarged, varying in size from 1.0 to 3.0 cm with a pink cut section. The terminal ileum was grossly unremarkable. Microbiological analysis was not contributory. Histologically, there was an eosinophil-rich granulomatous reaction that involved the mucosa, submucosa, and muscle layers with dense eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells containing fungal elements. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains revealed fungal elements in the form of predominantly non-septate, broad, thick-walled, pleomorphic hyphae, with irregular, non-parallel contours and occasional haphazard branching. Three lymph nodes showed fungal hyphae and spore amid eosinophil-rich pyogranulomatous reaction. A summary of the histological findings is shown in Figure 3. Panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on DNA extracted directly from a tissue sample confirmed the presence of 18S rRNA genes of fungal pathogens using the UMD test system (Lot NO.B24rKU010.048, Mozyme GmbH & CO KG). The diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis was established. The treatment regimen included the use of itraconazole 200 mg tablet twice daily for 6 months. Follow-up of the patient revealed a good response to the treatment. No evidence of disease recurrence in the 6 months’ follow-up period.

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Figure 2. Histological findings in the colonoscopic biopsy specimen from the cecal basidiobolomycosis (case 1). Sections from the cecal ulcerative mass showing some fungal hyphae (arrows) amid dense eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate and eosinophilic microabscess (star) in the lamina propria. The B. ranarum appears as hyphae with zygospores. The zygospore resembles trophozoites of amoeba, has foamy cytoplasm with a large nucleolus (arrowhead). The original magnifications are: a, b, c: × 100, and d: × 1,000). B. ranarum: Basidiobolus ranarum.

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Figure 3. Pathological features of the cecal and lymph nodal basidiobolomycosis (case 1). (a) Grossly, there is diffuse thickening of the wall of the cecum and proximal part of the ascending colon. They are involved by a huge firm mass with a grayish cut section. (b-f) Sections from the cecal mass showing ulceration of the mucosa, increased density of eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria with the formation of multiple lymphoid follicles, around fungal hyphae (arrows, the original magnifications are b: × 40, and c: × 400). This eosinophil-rich mixed inflammation destroys the muscularis propria (d: × 200) with the formation of multinucleated giant cells, phagocytosing the fungal elements (PAS stain, e: × 200), and extending into the subserosal fatty tissue f: × 200). (g-i) Sections show replacement of the subcapsular sinuses (star, g: × 20) of the regional lymph nodes by and multiple fungal structures (PAS stain, arrow, h: × 400). The zygospores resemble trophozoites of amoeba, have foamy cytoplasm with a large nucleolus but no heterochromatin (i: × 1,000, arrowhead), amid eosinophilic microabscess. PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff.

A 33-year-old female patient had a long history of vague abdominal pain and loss of weight. The WBC was 26.5 × 10⁹ cells/L, eosinophils: 19%, and absolute eosinophil count: 5 × 10⁹ cells/L. Colonoscopic examination revealed a long segment of fungating mass at the cecum and the proximal part of the right colon with ulceration and hard mucosa. A summary of the colonoscopic findings is shown in Figure 4. CT of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast revealed mural thickening involving the cecum and the ascending colon for about 10 cm. The mural thickening was also seen involving the appendix (measuring 1.8 cm in diameter) which is seen extending cranially. There were few associated localized lymph nodes, the largest was measuring about 1.4 cm in diameter. No CT findings of intestinal obstruction were noted. A summary of the radiological findings was depicted in Figure 5. Multiple biopsies were obtained, and the patient was referred for a general surgery consultation.

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Figure 4. Colonoscopic features of the cecal and appendicular basidiobolomycosis (case 2): (a) Ulcerative mass obstructing the cecum, (b) bleeding ulcer, (c) polypoidal lesion, and (d) narrowing of the colonic lumen.

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Figure 5. Radiological features of the cecal and appendicular basidiobolomycosis (case 2). Abdominal CT scan with intravenous and oral contrast (a, b) axial, (c) coronal, and (d) sagittal revealed: lobulated enhancing soft tissue mass lesion (arrowhead) is seen involving cecum and ascending colon, contacting abdominal wall and right psoas muscle. It is seen associated with minimal local fluid and enlarged enhancing mesenteric lymph nodes (arrow). CT: computed tomography.

Histologically, there was dense eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with occasional PAS-positive fungal structures including non-septate, broad, thick-walled, variable-sized hyphae, consistent with the diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis. Other findings included epithelioid cell granulomas, and active colitis in the form of cryptitis, and crypt abscess (Fig. 6). Suddenly, the patient presented to the Department of Surgery with manifestations of intestinal obstruction in the form of sudden acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Intraoperatively, a huge heterogeneous mass was seen involving the cecum and extending to the proximal part of the right colon. The appendix (measuring 7 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter) showed diffuse thickening of the wall and obliteration of the lumen. The terminal ileum was grossly unremarkable. En bloc resection of the terminal ileum, appendix, cecum, and ascending colon was performed. Microbiological analysis (culture of the peritoneal fluid) was negative. Molecular studies (panfungal PCR) were done using DNA extracted from the lesional colonic tissue and they detected 18S rRNA genes using the UMD test system (Lot NO.B24rKU010.048, Mozyme GmbH & CO KG).

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Figure 6. Histological findings in the colonoscopic biopsy specimen from the cecal and appendicular basidiobolomycosis (case 2). Sections from the cecal mass show expansion of the lamina propria by mixed eosinophil-rich inflammatory cells with multiple fungal elements (arrows, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, a: × 20, and b: × 200), mucosal erosions and luminal necrotic materials with polymorphs (star, c: × 200), and fungal hyphae surrounded by radiating eosinophilic Splendore-Hoeppli bodies (arrowhead, d: × 400).

Histologically, sections from the appendix and cecum showed a granulomatous reaction that involved the mucosa, submucosa, and muscle layers with dense eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and neutrophils and multinucleate giant cells containing fungal elements. PAS stains revealed fungal elements in the form of predominantly non-septate, broad, thick-walled, pleomorphic hyphae, with irregular, non-parallel contours and occasional haphazard branching. A summary of the histological findings was presented in Figure 7. Panfungal PCR performed on DNA extracted directly from a tissue sample confirmed the presence of Basidiobolus. The diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis has been established. The treatment regimen included the use of itraconazole 200 mg tablet twice daily for 6 months. Follow-up of the patient revealed a good response to the treatment. No evidence of disease recurrence in the 8 months’ follow-up period.

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Figure 7. Pathological features of the cecal and appendicular basidiobolomycosis (case 2). (a) En bloc resection of the terminal ileum, appendix, cecum, and ascending colon. There is marked diffuse thickening of the wall of the cecum extending into the proximal part of the ascending colon with obliteration of the lumens. (b-d) The microscopy of the cecal mass reveals a transmural inflammation involving the mucosa (arrow, b: × 100) with the formation of eosinophil crypt abscess (arrowhead, c: × 40), submucosa, of the cecum. The inflammatory reaction consists of eosinophil-rich mixed inflammation contains fungal hyphae surrounded by the eosinophilic Splendore-Hoeppli bodies (d: × 200, black arrow). The Basidiobolus hyphae are thin-walled, septated hyphae, surrounded by eosinophilic material. (e, f) Granulomatous reactions with the formation of giant cells hosting some fungal structures are seen (PAS stain, arrowhead, e: × 400). The zygospores resemble trophozoites of amoeba, have foamy cytoplasm with a large nucleolus but no heterochromatin (f: × 1,000, arrowhead), amid eosinophilic microabscess. (g-i) Sections from the appendix (g: × 40) show transmural necrotizing inflammation (star, h: × 40), composed of eosinophil-rich inflammatory cell infiltrate. The fungal elements are surrounded by the eosinophilic Splendore-Hoeppli bodies (i: × 1,000, thin arrow).

GIB is acquired in most cases by ingestion of contaminated water, or food including fruits, and vegetables contaminated by animal fecal matters. Other proposed routes include using contaminated papers for cleaning the skin (e.g., toilet papers for cleaning of the skin after defecation), implantation of the fungus following surgical procedures. The intake of ranitidine can reduce gastric acidity and therefore allows for the survival of the fungi after gastric passing. The fungi of B. ranarum are commonly found in the soil and therefore gardeners, farmers, and landscapers are more exposed to GIB [11]. Moreover, cigarette smoking can decrease mucosal WBC function and facilitate fungal infection by B. ranarum [12, 18]. The pathogenesis of primary GIB is poorly understood. It may result from local insults to the colonic mucosa, with the breakdown in the mucosal defense barrier and immunity. Several host defense mechanisms combat zygomycotic infection. They include sequestration of iron molecules, generation of the reactive oxidative radicles, and metabolites that destroy the fungal structures. Moreover, the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and histiocytes can kill the fungal bodies by releasing defensins that represent strong cationic peptides. The development of zygomycosis depends on the scavenging iron molecules necessary for fungal growth from the host lesional tissues. The fungal elements also secure access to the host blood vessels resulting in the dissemination of the fungal structures [19].

The diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis depends on the detection of B. ranarum. Culture on Sabouraud agar at 20 - 30 °C with incubation for 2 - 3 days is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. The fungal growth appears as white to pale grey, waxy, or glabrous colonies with radial folds covered by aerial hyphae [20]. However, in most reported cases, the patients have undergone surgical resection with the clinical impression of mass and therefore the specimens have been transferred to the laboratories in formalin and no cultures have been performed.

On histology, B. ranarum appears as thin-walled, pauci-septated hyphae admixed with zygospores. The hyphae (mean of the hyphal diameter, 9 µm; ranging in diameter from 5.0 µm up to 20 µm) are surrounded by thick radiating, eosinophilic, sleeve-like (2.5 - 25 µm) amorphous hyalinized substances (Splendor-Hopllie phenomenon). The presence of these eosinophilic sleeves can differentiate zygomycosis from pythiosis. In the latter, the eosinophilic sleeves are either completely absent or very thin. The zygospores resemble trophozoites of amoeba, have foamy cytoplasm with a large nucleolus but no heterochromatin [2]. The fungal stains PAS/(periodic acid-Schiff/diastase) PASD and Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) can intensify the staining of the fungal walls. The organisms are surrounded by eosinophil-rich pyogranulomatous inflammation with giant cells, a reaction pattern that is oftentimes mistaken for granulomatous colitis (Crohn’s disease, amebiasis, and tuberculosis) [21]. This histological finding is very characteristic of B. ranarum. Basidiobolomycosis can be histologically separated from other fungi of the gut such as mucormycosis by the presence of angioinvasion, extensive necrosis, and histologically different granulomas with no eosinophil in the latter [22, 23].

The other fungal infections with similar morphology to B. ranarum are Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruous, and Pythium insidiobolus (mean hyphal diameter, 4 µm; ranging in diameter from 2.0 up to 7.0 µm). Both Conidiobolus (mean of the hyphal diameter, 8 µm; ranging in diameter from 5.0 up to 13 µm) and Basidiobolus species are usually encountered in the materials of the decaying fruit or vegetable and the soil [10]. They are separated from B. ranarum by the fact that these fungi affect the head and neck region in immunocompromised patients [20]. Visceral involvement by these fungi has not been reported [10, 24]. Hussein et al previously examined the ultrastructural features of the fungal elements in basidiobolomycosis. They indicated that the presence of macrophage-laden crystalloids, spores, and fungal hyphae [2]. Infection with B. ranarum can be detected using immunodiffusion but its sensitivity is controversial. Some studies indicated the utility of molecular techniques (PCR) in the diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis. The best results were obtained by using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lesional tissues. However, this method is not widely used by many health institutions due to the rarity of basidiobolomycosis infections [8, 21-23, 25, 26].

Geramizadeh et al reviewed the cases of GIB that have been reported in the English literature from 1964 through 2013. The age of the patients ranged from 2.0 years up to 80 years old. The disease was more common in males, and almost all the patients presented with abdominal pain and fever with a high ESR and counts of eosinophils. Radiological findings included the thickening of the walls of the intestine or stomach. All the preoperative diagnostic studies (radiology and colonoscopy) failed to establish the diagnosis. The management options in most cases were surgery and antifungal drugs [10]. The delay in management and disseminated disease resulted in the death of eight cases. Five cases had recurrence despite combined surgery and antifungal treatment [11, 27]. The delayed management of GIB leads to several complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, the formation of a fistulous tract with the adjacent organs, and distant dissemination which is life-threatening [3]. The late presentation of GIB in the cases described by our study is because the preoperative diagnosis of GIB by clinical and radiological findings is impossible for several reasons. Clinically, GIB involves immunocompetent individuals [28], and thus, it is very difficult for the physicians to think about this possibility in a completely healthy patient [27].

Radiologically, the findings of GIB such as diffuse wall thickening and mass lesions are nonspecific and can be encountered in several conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases and malignant tumors [29]. Similarly, colonoscopic biopsies are usually non-representative or nonspecific in GIB because the fungal elements (B. ranarum) usually grow deep in the submucosa and muscle layers [30]. It should be emphasized that once GIB is suspected, colonoscopic tissue sampling (biopsies) of the suspected lesions should be performed. If the diagnosis is established based on culture, morphology, or PCR, then empirical treatment with strong antifungal agents should be given to the patients without delay to avoid the bad outcome of this life-threatening condition.

The molecular findings have provided a better understanding of the speciation of Zygomycetes in culture and both formalin-fixed and frozen tissue specimens [31]. The identification of the species of Zygomycetes from cultures has been made feasible using several target loci and molecular techniques [32-37]. The target loci include 28S (large subunit ribosomal DNA), 18S (small subunit ribosomal DNA), ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), cytochrome b gene (Cyt b), high-affinity iron permease 1 gene (FTR1), genes coding for actin, elongation factor 1-a or lactate dehydrogenase [31, 38-40]. The methods used in the molecular analysis can be broadly divided into two major categories [41]. The first methods are known as “sequencing-based tests” which report a nucleotide base sequence from a target area followed by sequence comparison analysis. In situ hybridization with pan-fungal and Zygomycetes-specific probes are used. The non-sequencing-based tests use other outcome results for the identification of the species. These approaches include conventional PCR, multiplex PCR using specific DNA probes in a microarray-based assay, real-time PCR using melting curve analysis [39], MicroSeq, semi-nested PCR using Luminex microbead hybridization technology, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) [31-40].

To conclude, our study presents a reappraisal of GIB. It also provides further documentation of a primary cecal basidiobolomycosis in healthy immunocompetent adults. Its diagnosis requires considering this rare entity in the differential clinical impressions of immunocompetent individuals having nonspecific clinical, radiological, and endoscopic findings, especially in the endemic areas of basidiobolomycosis. Confirmation of the clinical impression requires tissue sampling (colonoscopic biopsy or surgical resection) for evaluation of the morphological features, together with the use of fungal culture and molecular analysis. The treatment options include immediate intake of antifungal agents and surgical resection. The prompt institution of these therapeutic options can help avoid the dissemination of the fungal structures and their serious life-threatening complications.

GIB is acquired in most cases by ingestion of contaminated water or food. GIB can affect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The diagnosis of GIB depends on the detection of B. ranarum on a morphological, microbiological, or molecular basis. The other fungal infections with similar morphology to B. ranarum are Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruous, and Pythium insidiobolus. On radiology, the findings of GIB are usually nonspecific and may simulate a cancer. On the morphology, GIB has several histological faces that can mimic several disease entities such as granulomatous colitis, diffuse active colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lymphoid hyperplasia/eosinophilic colitis. Therefore, the histological findings should be interpreted in the context of the clinical, radiological, and microbiological findings to reach a definitive diagnosis. Empirical treatment with antifungal agents should be given if there is a clinical suspicion of GIB.

Acknowledgments

None to declare.

Financial Disclosure

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector.

Conflict of Interest

None to declare.

Informed Consent

Informed consents were obtained from the patients.

Author Contributions

All authors certify that he or she has participated sufficiently in the intellectual content and the analysis of data. Each author has reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approved it for publication. Dr. Abdullah S. Alqahtani is the principal investigator responsible for this project.

Data Availability

The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

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