| Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website http://www.gastrores.org |
Original Article
Volume 10, Number 5, October 2017, pages 294-300
Risk Factors for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Saudi Arabia
Tables
| Characteristics and behaviors | GERD | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | ||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors. ††Statistically significant. | |||||
| Family history | 406 | 60.7% | 263 | 39.3% | 0.000†† |
| Yes | 1,050 | 76.4% | 324 | 23.6% | |
| No | |||||
| Body mass index | 0.000†† | ||||
| Obese | 265 | 60.6% | 172 | 39.4% | |
| Overweight | 409 | 69.2% | 182 | 30.8% | |
| Normal | 633 | 75.9% | 201 | 24.1% | |
| Underweight | 149 | 82.3% | 32 | 17.7% | |
| Physical activities > 30 min/week | 0.024†† | ||||
| Never | 550 | 68.9% | 248 | 31.1% | |
| 1 - 3 | 275 | 69.3% | 122 | 30.7% | |
| 1 | 410 | 72.7% | 154 | 27.3% | |
| > 3 | 221 | 77.8% | 63 | 22.2% | |
| Improvement with PPIs | 0.000†† | ||||
| Yes | 145 | 46.5% | 167 | 53.5% | |
| No | 64 | 61% | 41 | 39% | |
| Don’t know | 192 | 74.7% | 65 | 25.3% | |
| Not used | 1,055 | 77.1% | 314 | 22.9% | |
| Smoking | 0.000†† | ||||
| Yes | 215 | 60.7% | 139 | 39.3% | |
| No | 1241 | 73.5% | 448 | 26.5% | |
| Risk factors and life style | GERD | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | ||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. ††Statistically significant. | |||||
| Type of drinks | 0.000†† | ||||
| Tea | 467 | 66.6% | 234 | 33.4% | |
| Soft drinks | 257 | 67.8% | 122 | 32.2% | |
| Peppermint | 67 | 69.8% | 29 | 30.2% | |
| Coffee | 525 | 75.8% | 168 | 24.2% | |
| Citrus juice | 140 | 80.5% | 34 | 19.5% | |
| No. of meals/day | 0.497 | ||||
| > 3 meals | 238 | 68.8% | 108 | 31.2% | |
| < 3 meals | 481 | 71.3% | 194 | 28.7% | |
| 3 meals | 737 | 72.1% | 285 | 27.9% | |
| Type of food | 0.023†† | ||||
| Greasy | 759 | 68.8% | 344 | 31.2% | |
| Spicy | 377 | 72.1% | 146 | 27.9% | |
| Chocolate | 215 | 76.5% | 66 | 23.5% | |
| Tomatoes | 105 | 77.2% | 31 | 22.8% | |
| Fibers | 0.000†† | ||||
| No | 261 | 62.6% | 156 | 37.4% | |
| Yes | 1,195 | 73.5% | 431 | 26.5% | |
| Fast food | 0.001†† | ||||
| Yes | 578 | 67.3% | 281 | 32.7% | |
| No | 878 | 74.2% | 306 | 25.8% | |
| Salt or pickles consumption | 0.353 | ||||
| Yes | 966 | 70.6% | 402 | 29.4% | |
| No | 490 | 72.6% | 185 | 27.4% | |
| Analgesics use | 0.000†† | ||||
| Yes | 231 | 61.6% | 144 | 38.4% | |
| No | 1,225 | 73.4% | 443 | 26.6% | |
| Type of analgesics | 0.001†† | ||||
| Others | 36 | 57.1% | 27 | 42.9% | |
| NSAIDs | 190 | 69.1% | 85 | 30.9% | |
| Paracetamol | 738 | 69.6% | 323 | 30.4% | |
| None | 492 | 76.4% | 152 | 23.6% | |