Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 5, Number 1, February 2012, pages 10-20

The Effects of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy on Quality of Life in Patients With Dementia

**Table 1.** The Level of Independent Living of Demented Elderly
I	Daily living is almost independent in family and community
II	There are some difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication, but the person can live independently with someone.
IIa	The difficulties are observed outside of home
IIb	The difficulties are observed inside of home
III	Difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication are sometimes observed, and the person needs care by someone.
IIIa	The difficulties are observed outside of home
IIIb	The difficulties are observed inside of home
IV	Difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication are frequently observed, and the person always needs care by someone.
M	Due to serious mental illness and problematic behavior or diseases, the person needs medical care by specialists.

Table 1. The Level of Independent Living of Demented Elderly

Daily living is almost independent in family and community

There are some difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication, but the person can live independently with someone.

IIa

The difficulties are observed outside of home

IIb

The difficulties are observed inside of home

III

Difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication are sometimes observed, and the person needs care by someone.

IIIa

The difficulties are observed outside of home

IIIb

The difficulties are observed inside of home

Difficulties in daily life due to dementia-specific signs, behavior and communication are frequently observed, and the person always needs care by someone.

Due to serious mental illness and problematic behavior or diseases, the person needs medical care by specialists.

**Table 2.** Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Level of Independent Living of Demented Elderly
Variable	Total (N = 879)	Improved (N = 75)	Not improved (N = 804)	P-value
1. Student’s t-test was applied because the distribution was considered as normal. 2. Mann-Whitney U test was applied because the distribution was considered as not normal. *3. Chi-square test was applied.
Age (years) mean ± s.d.	81.8 ± 9.4	79.5 ± 13.0	82.0 ± 8.9	0.02^*1
Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.	36.8 ± 0.6	36.8 ± 0.5	36.8 ± 0.6	0.68^*1
WBC ( /uL)	7026 ± 2567	7354 ± 2593	6995 ± 2564	0.12^*2
CRP (mg/dL)	1.86 ± 2.40	1.81 ± 2.10	1.87 ± 2.42	0.73^*2
Hb (g/dL)	11.1 ± 1.9	11.2 ± 1.9	11.1 ± 1.9	0.49^*2
ALT (IU/L)	29.8 ± 26.5	25.8 ± 12.5	30.2 ± 27.4	0.46^*2
BUN (mg/dL)	21.6 ± 13.7	20.7 ± 12.2	21.8 ± 14.1	0.60^*2
Cr (mg/dL)	0.84 ± 1.15	0.80 ± 0.86	0.85 ± 1.21	0.05^*2
Albumin (g/dL)	3.01 ± 0.57	3.03 ± 0.58	3.01 ± 0.55	0.88^*2
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	157.2 ± 40.8	162.3 ± 38.6	156.0 ± 41.2	0.58^*2
male	359 (41%)	32 (43%)	327 (40%)	0.70^*3
Previous history of pneumonia	587 (68%)	50 (68%)	537 (68%)	0.94^*3
Hypertension	348 (40%)	35 (47%)	313 (39%)	0.18^*3
Dyslipidemia	77 (9%)	9 (13%)	68 (9%)	0.28^*3
Arteriosclerosis obliterans	31 (3.7%)	5 (6.9%)	26 (3.4%)	0.14^*3
Able to take perorally	324 (37%)	31 (41%)	293 (37%)	0.44^*3
Diabetes	124 (14%)	11 (15%)	113 (14%)	0.90^*3
Previous history of cardiovascular disease	134 (16%)	12 (16%)	122 (16%)	0.91^*3
Extremely poor nutritional status	170 (20%)	16 (22%)	154 (19%)	0.66^*3
Fasting period prior to operation				0.72^*3
None	189 (28%)	12 (25%)	177 (29%)
Within one week	292 (44%)	24 (50%)	268 (43%)
Within one month	177 (27%)	12 (25%)	165 (27%)
More than one month	8 (1.2%)	0 (0%)	8 (1.3%)
Alzheimer’s dementia	292 (33%)	27 (36%)	265 (33%)	0.56^*3
Cerebrovascular dementia	554 (63%)	43 (57%)	511 (63%)	0.33^*3
Dementia with Lewy bodies	15 (1.7%)	1 (1.3%)	14 (1.7%)	0.80^*3

Table 2. Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Level of Independent Living of Demented Elderly

Variable

Total (N = 879)

Improved (N = 75)

Not improved (N = 804)

P-value

*1. Student’s t-test was applied because the distribution was considered as normal. *2. Mann-Whitney U test was applied because the distribution was considered as not normal. *3. Chi-square test was applied.

Age (years) mean ± s.d.

81.8 ± 9.4

79.5 ± 13.0

82.0 ± 8.9

0.02^*1

Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.

36.8 ± 0.6

36.8 ± 0.5

36.8 ± 0.6

0.68^*1

WBC ( /uL)

7026 ± 2567

7354 ± 2593

6995 ± 2564

0.12^*2

CRP (mg/dL)

1.86 ± 2.40

1.81 ± 2.10

1.87 ± 2.42

0.73^*2

Hb (g/dL)

11.1 ± 1.9

11.2 ± 1.9

11.1 ± 1.9

0.49^*2

ALT (IU/L)

29.8 ± 26.5

25.8 ± 12.5

30.2 ± 27.4

0.46^*2

BUN (mg/dL)

21.6 ± 13.7

20.7 ± 12.2

21.8 ± 14.1

0.60^*2

Cr (mg/dL)

0.84 ± 1.15

0.80 ± 0.86

0.85 ± 1.21

0.05^*2

Albumin (g/dL)

3.01 ± 0.57

3.03 ± 0.58

3.01 ± 0.55

0.88^*2

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

157.2 ± 40.8

162.3 ± 38.6

156.0 ± 41.2

0.58^*2

male

359 (41%)

32 (43%)

327 (40%)

0.70^*3

Previous history of pneumonia

587 (68%)

50 (68%)

537 (68%)

0.94^*3

Hypertension

348 (40%)

35 (47%)

313 (39%)

0.18^*3

Dyslipidemia

77 (9%)

9 (13%)

68 (9%)

0.28^*3

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

31 (3.7%)

5 (6.9%)

26 (3.4%)

0.14^*3

Able to take perorally

324 (37%)

31 (41%)

293 (37%)

0.44^*3

Diabetes

124 (14%)

11 (15%)

113 (14%)

0.90^*3

Previous history of cardiovascular disease

134 (16%)

12 (16%)

122 (16%)

0.91^*3

Extremely poor nutritional status

170 (20%)

16 (22%)

154 (19%)

0.66^*3

Fasting period prior to operation

0.72^*3

None

189 (28%)

12 (25%)

177 (29%)

Within one week

292 (44%)

24 (50%)

268 (43%)

Within one month

177 (27%)

12 (25%)

165 (27%)

More than one month

8 (1.2%)

0 (0%)

8 (1.3%)

Alzheimer’s dementia

292 (33%)

27 (36%)

265 (33%)

0.56^*3

Cerebrovascular dementia

554 (63%)

43 (57%)

511 (63%)

0.33^*3

Dementia with Lewy bodies

15 (1.7%)

1 (1.3%)

14 (1.7%)

0.80^*3

**Table 3.** Improvement of the Level of Independent Living Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG
Variable	I	IIa/IIb	IIIa/IIIb/IV	M
*Odds Ratio was adjusted with age, which was associated with the outcome.
No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)	0/2 (0)	8/32 (25)	32/375 (8.6)	7/57 (12)
Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*	-	3.90	1	1.36
P-value		(1.59 - 9.39)		(0.56 - 3.30)
		0.003		0.50

Table 3. Improvement of the Level of Independent Living Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG

Variable

IIa/IIb

IIIa/IIIb/IV

*Odds Ratio was adjusted with age, which was associated with the outcome.

No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)

0/2 (0)

8/32 (25)

32/375 (8.6)

7/57 (12)

Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*

3.90

1.36

P-value

(1.59 - 9.39)

(0.56 - 3.30)

0.003

0.50

**Table 4.** Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Improvement of Peroral Intake
Variable	Total (N = 961)	Improved (N = 177)	Not improved (N = 784)	P-value
1. Student’s t-test was applied because the distribution was considered as normal. 2. Mann-Whitney U test was applied because the distribution was considered as not normal. *3. Chi-square test was applied.
(Age years) mean ± s.d.	81.7 ± 9.3	80.6 ± 11.1	82.0 ± 8.8	0.07^*1
Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.	36.8 ± 0.6	36.8 ± 0.6	36.8 ± 0.6	0.12^*1
WBC ( /µL)	7041 ± 2702	6869 ± 2364	7080 ± 2773	0.62^*2
CRP (mg/dL)	1.90 ± 2.38	1.69 ± 2.08	1.95 ± 2.45	0.39^*2
Hb (g/dL)	11.6 ± 1.9	11.1 ± 2.1	11.1 ± 1.9	0.99^*2
ALT (IU/L)	30.4 ± 28.7	29.6 ± 34.7	30.6 ± 27.2	0.13^*2
BUN (mg/dL)	21.5 ± 13.8	21.3 ± 14.9	21.5 ± 13.7	0.94^*2
Cr (mg/dL)	0.83 ± 1.16	0.70 ± 0.36	0.84 ± 1.20	0.09^*2
Albumin (g/dL)	3.02 ± 0.57	3.03 ± 0.46	3.02 ± 0.58	0.52^*2
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	157.5 ± 40.6	160.7 ± 37.1	157.2 ± 40.8	0.14^*2
male	396 (41%)	66 (37%)	330 (42%)	0.24^*3
Previous history of pneumonia	645 (68%)	107 (62%)	538 (70%)	0.051^*3
Hypertension	389 (41%)	78 (45%)	311 (40%)	0.29^*3
Dyslipidemia	88 (10%)	30 (17%)	58 (8%)	< 0.001^*3
Arteriosclerosis obliterans	31 (3.4%)	8 (4.7%)	23 (3.1%)	0.29^*3
Able to take perorally	350 (37%)	95 (54%)	255 (33%)	< 0.001^*3
Diabetes	150 (16%)	35 (20%)	115 (15%)	0.093^*3
Previous history of cardiovascular disease	152 (16%)	29 (17%)	123 (16%)	0.80^*3
Extremely poor nutritional status	189 (20%)	39 (22%)	147 (19%)	0.34^*3
Fasting period prior to operation				0.11^*3
None	216 (30%)	46 (34%)	170 (29%)
Within one week	316 (43%)	65 (47%)	251 (42%)
Within one month	188 (26%)	25 (18%)	163 (27%)
More than one month	12 (1.6%)	1 (0.7%)	11 (1.9%)
Alzheimer’s dementia	310 (32%)	76 (43%)	234 (30%)	0.001^*3
Cerebrovascular dementia	610 (63%)	95 (53%)	515 (65%)	0.003^*3
Dementia with Lewy bodies	18 (1.9%)	2 (1.1%)	16 (2.0%)	0.42^*3

Table 4. Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Improvement of Peroral Intake

Variable

Total (N = 961)

Improved (N = 177)

Not improved (N = 784)

P-value

(Age years) mean ± s.d.

81.7 ± 9.3

80.6 ± 11.1

82.0 ± 8.8

0.07^*1

Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.

36.8 ± 0.6

0.12^*1

WBC ( /µL)

7041 ± 2702

6869 ± 2364

7080 ± 2773

0.62^*2

CRP (mg/dL)

1.90 ± 2.38

1.69 ± 2.08

1.95 ± 2.45

0.39^*2

Hb (g/dL)

11.6 ± 1.9

11.1 ± 2.1

11.1 ± 1.9

0.99^*2

ALT (IU/L)

30.4 ± 28.7

29.6 ± 34.7

30.6 ± 27.2

0.13^*2

BUN (mg/dL)

21.5 ± 13.8

21.3 ± 14.9

21.5 ± 13.7

0.94^*2

Cr (mg/dL)

0.83 ± 1.16

0.70 ± 0.36

0.84 ± 1.20

0.09^*2

Albumin (g/dL)

3.02 ± 0.57

3.03 ± 0.46

3.02 ± 0.58

0.52^*2

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

157.5 ± 40.6

160.7 ± 37.1

157.2 ± 40.8

0.14^*2

male

396 (41%)

66 (37%)

330 (42%)

0.24^*3

Previous history of pneumonia

645 (68%)

107 (62%)

538 (70%)

0.051^*3

Hypertension

389 (41%)

78 (45%)

311 (40%)

0.29^*3

Dyslipidemia

88 (10%)

30 (17%)

58 (8%)

< 0.001^*3

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

31 (3.4%)

8 (4.7%)

23 (3.1%)

0.29^*3

Able to take perorally

350 (37%)

95 (54%)

255 (33%)

< 0.001^*3

Diabetes

150 (16%)

35 (20%)

115 (15%)

0.093^*3

Previous history of cardiovascular disease

152 (16%)

29 (17%)

123 (16%)

0.80^*3

Extremely poor nutritional status

189 (20%)

39 (22%)

147 (19%)

0.34^*3

Fasting period prior to operation

0.11^*3

None

216 (30%)

46 (34%)

170 (29%)

Within one week

316 (43%)

65 (47%)

251 (42%)

Within one month

188 (26%)

25 (18%)

163 (27%)

More than one month

12 (1.6%)

1 (0.7%)

11 (1.9%)

Alzheimer’s dementia

310 (32%)

76 (43%)

234 (30%)

0.001^*3

Cerebrovascular dementia

610 (63%)

95 (53%)

515 (65%)

0.003^*3

Dementia with Lewy bodies

18 (1.9%)

2 (1.1%)

16 (2.0%)

0.42^*3

**Table 5.** Improvement of Peroral Intake Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG
Variable	I	IIa/IIb	IIIa/IIIb/IV	M
*Odds Ratio was adjusted with dyslipidemia, able to take perorally, Alzheimer’s dementia, and cerebrovascular dementia, which were associated with the outcome.
No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)	1/2 (50)	12/34(35)	70/419 (17)	13/62 (21)
Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*	-	2.69	1	1.39
P-value		(1.17 – 6.17)		(0.70 -2.77)
		0.02		0.35

Table 5. Improvement of Peroral Intake Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG

Variable

IIa/IIb

IIIa/IIIb/IV

*Odds Ratio was adjusted with dyslipidemia, able to take perorally, Alzheimer’s dementia, and cerebrovascular dementia, which were associated with the outcome.

No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)

1/2 (50)

12/34(35)

70/419 (17)

13/62 (21)

Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*

2.69

1.39

P-value

(1.17 – 6.17)

(0.70 -2.77)

0.02

0.35

**Table 6.** Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Improvement of Pneumonia
Variable	Total (N = 777)	Improved (N = 557)	Not improved (N = 220)	P-value
1. Student’s t-test was applied because the distribution was considered as normal. 2. Mann-Whitney U test was applied because the distribution was considered as not normal. *3. Chi-square test was applied.
Age (years) mean ± s.d.	82.1 ± 9.0	82.1 ± 9.3	81.9 ± 8.4	0.73^*1
Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.	36.8 ± 0.6	36.8 ± 0.6	36.8 ± 0.6	0.79^*1
WBC (/µL)	7101 ± 2745	7222 ± 2847	6797 ± 2454	0.08^*2
CRP (mg/dL)	2.01 ± 2.45	2.00 ± 2.43	2.05 ± 2.04	0.85^*2
Hb (g/dL)	11.0 ± 1.9	11.0 ± 1.8	10.9 ± 2.0	0.47^*2
ALT(IU/L)	30.7 ± 29.5	30.6 ± 30.7	30.7 ± 26.4	0.60^*2
BUN (mg/dL)	21.5 ± 13.4	21.3 ± 12.7	21.8 ± 14.9	0.63^*2
Cr (mg/dL)	0.84 ± 1.15	0.85 ± 1.17	0.83 ± 1.09	0.92^*2
Albumin (g/dL)	2.98 ± 0.58	2.97 ± 0.54	3.01 ± 0.68	0.69^*2
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	155.5 ± 40.3	154.5 ± 40.1	158.1 ± 40.8	0.29^*2
male	343 (44%)	240 (43%)	103 (46%)	0.38^*3
Previous history of pneumonia	628 (81%)	480 (86%)	148 (69%)	<0.001^*3
Hypertension	315 (41%)	225 (41%)	90 (41%)	0.99^*3
Dyslipidemia	73 (10%)	61 (11%)	12 (6%)	0.015^*3
Arteriosclerosis obliterans	28 (3.8%)	19 (3.6%)	9 (4.2%)	0.70^*3
Able to take perorally	270 (35%)	188 (34%)	82 (38%)	0.29^*3
Diabetes	113 (15%)	93 (17%)	20 (9%)	0.006^*3
Previous history of cardiovascular disease	121 (16%)	98 (18%)	23 (11%)	0.01^*3
Extremely poor nutritional status	158 (21%)	106 (20%)	52 (24%)	0.20^*3
Fasting period prior to operation
None	170 (29%)	130 (32%)	40 (24%)
Within one week	244 (42%)	147 (36%	97 (57%)
Within one month	159 (27%)	130 (32%)	29 (17%)
More than one month
Alzheimer’s dementia	248 (32%)	182 (33%)	66 (30%)	0.45^*3
Cerebrovascular dementia	484 (62%)	340 (61%)	144 (65%)	0.28^*3
Dementia with Lewy bodies	13 (1.7%)	10 (1.8%)	3 (1.4%)	0.67^*3

Table 6. Patients’ Characteristics at Making PEG Stratified by the Improvement of Pneumonia

Variable

Total (N = 777)

Improved (N = 557)

Not improved (N = 220)

P-value

Age (years) mean ± s.d.

82.1 ± 9.0

82.1 ± 9.3

81.9 ± 8.4

0.73^*1

Body Temperature (°C) mean ± s.d.

36.8 ± 0.6

0.79^*1

WBC (/µL)

7101 ± 2745

7222 ± 2847

6797 ± 2454

0.08^*2

CRP (mg/dL)

2.01 ± 2.45

2.00 ± 2.43

2.05 ± 2.04

0.85^*2

Hb (g/dL)

11.0 ± 1.9

11.0 ± 1.8

10.9 ± 2.0

0.47^*2

ALT(IU/L)

30.7 ± 29.5

30.6 ± 30.7

30.7 ± 26.4

0.60^*2

BUN (mg/dL)

21.5 ± 13.4

21.3 ± 12.7

21.8 ± 14.9

0.63^*2

Cr (mg/dL)

0.84 ± 1.15

0.85 ± 1.17

0.83 ± 1.09

0.92^*2

Albumin (g/dL)

2.98 ± 0.58

2.97 ± 0.54

3.01 ± 0.68

0.69^*2

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

155.5 ± 40.3

154.5 ± 40.1

158.1 ± 40.8

0.29^*2

male

343 (44%)

240 (43%)

103 (46%)

0.38^*3

Previous history of pneumonia

628 (81%)

480 (86%)

148 (69%)

<0.001^*3

Hypertension

315 (41%)

225 (41%)

90 (41%)

0.99^*3

Dyslipidemia

73 (10%)

61 (11%)

12 (6%)

0.015^*3

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

28 (3.8%)

19 (3.6%)

9 (4.2%)

0.70^*3

Able to take perorally

270 (35%)

188 (34%)

82 (38%)

0.29^*3

Diabetes

113 (15%)

93 (17%)

20 (9%)

0.006^*3

Previous history of cardiovascular disease

121 (16%)

98 (18%)

23 (11%)

0.01^*3

Extremely poor nutritional status

158 (21%)

106 (20%)

52 (24%)

0.20^*3

Fasting period prior to operation

None

170 (29%)

130 (32%)

40 (24%)

Within one week

244 (42%)

147 (36%

97 (57%)

Within one month

159 (27%)

130 (32%)

29 (17%)

More than one month

Alzheimer’s dementia

248 (32%)

182 (33%)

66 (30%)

0.45^*3

Cerebrovascular dementia

484 (62%)

340 (61%)

144 (65%)

0.28^*3

Dementia with Lewy bodies

13 (1.7%)

10 (1.8%)

3 (1.4%)

0.67^*3

**Table 7.** Improvement of Pneumonia Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG
Variable	I	IIa/IIb	IIIa/IIIb/IV	M
*Odds Ratio was adjusted with previous history of pneumonia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, previous history of cardiovascular disease and fasting period prior to operations, which were associated with the outcome.
No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)	1/1 (100)	18/27 (67)	229/351 (65)	30/50 (60)
Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*	-	1.33	1	0.61
P-value		(0.45 - 3.89)		(0.28 - 1.31)
		0.60		0.20

Table 7. Improvement of Pneumonia Stratified by the Level of Independent Living at Making PEG

Variable

IIa/IIb

IIIa/IIIb/IV

*Odds Ratio was adjusted with previous history of pneumonia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, previous history of cardiovascular disease and fasting period prior to operations, which were associated with the outcome.

No. of improved patients/no. of total patients (%)

1/1 (100)

18/27 (67)

229/351 (65)

30/50 (60)

Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)*

1.33

0.61

P-value

(0.45 - 3.89)

(0.28 - 1.31)

0.60

0.20

**Table 8.** Cox Proportional Hazard Models
Variable	Single-variate analyses	Multivariate analysis
*Adjusted for all the variables listed in the table. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio.
Age (year)	1.03	1.02 - 1.04	< 0.001	1.04	1.02 - 1.06	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	0.96	0.93 - 0.99	0.04	0.98	0.94 - 1.03	0.46
Body Temperature (°C)	0.93	0.80 - 1.09	0.39
WBC (/uL)	1.00	0.99 - 1.00	0.31
CRP (mg/dL)	1.07	1.03 - 1.10	< 0.001	1.00	0.95 - 1.06	0.86
Hb (g/dL)	0.88	0.84 - 0.92	< 0.001	1.03	0.94 - 1.14	0.48
ALT (IU/L)	1.00	1.00 - 1.01	0.001	1.00	0.99 - 1.01	0.10
BUN (mg/dL)	1.02	1.01 - 1.02	< 0.001	1.02	1.01 - 1.03	< 0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	1.04	0.98 - 1.11	0.23	0.94	0.84 - 1.06	0.30
Albumin (g/dL)	0.64	0.55 - 0.76	< 0.001	0.51	0.36 - 0.73	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.99	0.99 - 1.00	0.001	1.00	0.99 - 1.00	0.90
Male	1.56	1.31 - 1.86	< 0.001	2.01	1.49 - 2.92	< 0.001
Previous history of pneumonia	1.42	1.16 - 1.73	0.001	1.10	0.79 - 1.54	0.56
level of independent living of demented elderly	1.05	0.97 - 1.15	0.25
Hypertension	1.17	0.98 - 1.39	0.09
Dyslipidemia	1.20	0.91 - 1.60	0.20
Arteriosclerosis obliterans	1.21	0.78 - 1.88	0.39
Able to take perorally	0.76	0.63 - 0.92	0.004	0.82	0.59 - 1.12	0.21
Diabetes	1.61	1.29 - 1.99	0.10	2.17	1.46 - 3.25	< 0.001
Previous history of cardiovascular disease	1.45	1.16 - 1.81	0.001	1.09	0.73 - 1.65	0.67
Extremely poor nutritional status	1.40	1.13 - 1.73	0.002	1.31	0.92 - 1.88	0.14
Fasting period prior to operation	1.05	0.98 - 1.11	0.14
Alzheimer’s dementia	0.93	0.78 - 1.12	0.47
Cerebrovascular dementia	1.17	0.98 - 1.41	0.08
Dementia with Lewy bodies	0.81	0.40 - 1.63	0.55
Level of independent living
I	-	-
IIa/IIb	0.59	0.34 - 1.00
IIIa/IIIb	-	-
M	1.03	0.72 - 1.47

Table 8. Cox Proportional Hazard Models

Variable

Single-variate analyses

Multivariate analysis

Crude HR

95% CI

P value

AHR

95% CI

P value

*Adjusted for all the variables listed in the table. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio.

Age (year)

1.03

1.02 - 1.04

< 0.001

1.04

1.02 - 1.06

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

0.96

0.93 - 0.99

0.04

0.98

0.94 - 1.03

0.46

Body Temperature (°C)

0.93

0.80 - 1.09

0.39

WBC (/uL)

1.00

0.99 - 1.00

0.31

CRP (mg/dL)

1.07

1.03 - 1.10

< 0.001

1.00

0.95 - 1.06

0.86

Hb (g/dL)

0.88

0.84 - 0.92

< 0.001

1.03

0.94 - 1.14

0.48

ALT (IU/L)

1.00

1.00 - 1.01

0.001

1.00

0.99 - 1.01

0.10

BUN (mg/dL)

1.02

1.01 - 1.02

< 0.001

1.02

1.01 - 1.03

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

1.04

0.98 - 1.11

0.23

0.94

0.84 - 1.06

0.30

Albumin (g/dL)

0.64

0.55 - 0.76

< 0.001

0.51

0.36 - 0.73

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.99

0.99 - 1.00

0.001

1.00

0.99 - 1.00

0.90

Male

1.56

1.31 - 1.86

< 0.001

2.01

1.49 - 2.92

< 0.001

Previous history of pneumonia

1.42

1.16 - 1.73

0.001

1.10

0.79 - 1.54

0.56

level of independent living of demented elderly

1.05

0.97 - 1.15

0.25

Hypertension

1.17

0.98 - 1.39

0.09

Dyslipidemia

1.20

0.91 - 1.60

0.20

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

1.21

0.78 - 1.88

0.39

Able to take perorally

0.76

0.63 - 0.92

0.004

0.82

0.59 - 1.12

0.21

Diabetes

1.61

1.29 - 1.99

0.10

2.17

1.46 - 3.25

< 0.001

Previous history of cardiovascular disease

1.45

1.16 - 1.81

0.001

1.09

0.73 - 1.65

0.67

Extremely poor nutritional status

1.40

1.13 - 1.73

0.002

1.31

0.92 - 1.88

0.14

Fasting period prior to operation

1.05

0.98 - 1.11

0.14

Alzheimer’s dementia

0.93

0.78 - 1.12

0.47

Cerebrovascular dementia

1.17

0.98 - 1.41

0.08

Dementia with Lewy bodies

0.81

0.40 - 1.63

0.55

Level of independent living

IIa/IIb

0.59

0.34 - 1.00

IIIa/IIIb

1.03

0.72 - 1.47