Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 6, December 2022, pages 343-352

Barriers to Hepatitis C Virus Care and How Federally Qualified Health Centers Can Improve Patient Access to Treatment

**Table 1.** Insurance Providers That Covered Patients With HCV at the FQHC
Insurance provider	Number (%) of patients (n = 279)
^aService that provides healthcare to the incarcerated persons of California that has worked with the FQHC to treat HCV. ^bService through which patients pay for healthcare at the FQHC out of pocket. FQHCs: Federally qualified health centers; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HMO: health maintenance organization.
Aetna Better Health of CA (Medicaid)	4 (1.0)
Blue Shield of California Promise (Medicaid)	14 (5.0)
Care First (Medicaid)	21 (7.5)
California Correctional Healthcare Services^a	31 (11.0)
Community Health Group (Medicaid)	49 (18.0)
HealthNet (Medi-Cal HMO)	9 (3.2)
Humana (HMO)	1 (0.3)
Medi-Cal	53 (19.0)
Medi-Medi Dual Options (Medicaid and Medicare)	11 (3.9)
Molina Healthcare Covered CA	1 (0.3)
Molina Healthcare Dual Options (Medi-Cal and Medicare)	1 (0.3)
Molina Healthcare (Medicaid)	67 (24.0)
Sharp Health Plan (HMO)	2 (0.7)
Sliding fee^b	12 (4.3)
United Healthcare (Medicaid)	3 (1.0)

Table 1. Insurance Providers That Covered Patients With HCV at the FQHC

Insurance provider

Number (%) of patients (n = 279)

^aService that provides healthcare to the incarcerated persons of California that has worked with the FQHC to treat HCV. ^bService through which patients pay for healthcare at the FQHC out of pocket. FQHCs: Federally qualified health centers; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HMO: health maintenance organization.

Aetna Better Health of CA (Medicaid)

4 (1.0)

Blue Shield of California Promise (Medicaid)

14 (5.0)

Care First (Medicaid)

21 (7.5)

California Correctional Healthcare Services^a

31 (11.0)

Community Health Group (Medicaid)

49 (18.0)

HealthNet (Medi-Cal HMO)

9 (3.2)

Humana (HMO)

1 (0.3)

Medi-Cal

53 (19.0)

Medi-Medi Dual Options (Medicaid and Medicare)

11 (3.9)

Molina Healthcare Covered CA

1 (0.3)

Molina Healthcare Dual Options (Medi-Cal and Medicare)

1 (0.3)

Molina Healthcare (Medicaid)

67 (24.0)

Sharp Health Plan (HMO)

2 (0.7)

Sliding fee^b

12 (4.3)

United Healthcare (Medicaid)

3 (1.0)

**Table 2.** Overall Characteristics
Characteristics	2016 - 2018	2019 - 2020	P value
^aNumber of patients in each cohort reflect those who responded; responses for these questions were voluntary. ^bNumber of patients in 2016 - 2018 cohort, 190; 2019 - 2020 cohort, 74; total, 264. APRI: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FIB4: fibrosis-4; Hep C: hepatitis C; IV: intravenous; kPa: kilopascals; PCP: primary care physician; SD: standard deviation.
Age, years ± SD (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
Average age	53.4 ± 1.1 years	46.8 ± 1.4 years	0.001
Sex, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
Female	78 (40.8)	27 (32.9)	0.218
Male	113 (59.2)	55 (67.1)
Race, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
American Indian	3 (1.6)	1 (1.2)	0.381
Asian	8 (4.2)	2 (2.4)
Black/African American	24 (12.6)	5 (6.1)
More than one race	1 (0.5)	0 (0)
Other Pacific Islander	3 (1.6)	0 (0)
White	152 (79.6)	74 (90.2)
Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
Hispanic or Latino	70 (36.7)	39 (47.6)	0.204
Not Hispanic or Latino	120 (62.8)	43 (52.4)
Unknown	1 (0.5)	0 (0)
Language, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
Non-English	43 (22.5)	19 (23.2)	0.577
English	148 (77.5)	63 (76.8)
Income, annual ± SD (n = 269)^a	N = 188	N = 81
Average income	7,834.28 ± 1,436.56	4,920.30 ± 1,056.16	0.206
Insurance, n (%)^a
Managed Care (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	165 (86.4)	64 (78.1)	0.086
Out-of-pocket (n = 273)	N = 190	N = 82
	26 (13.7)	18 (22.0)	0.089
Inability to pay (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	5 (2.6)	13 (15.9)	0
Denials (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	38 (19.9)	19 (23.2)	0.542
Gilead Support Path Services (n = 273)^b	N = 190	N = 74
	7 (3.7)	4 (5.4)	0.530
Risk factors, n (%)^a
History of incarceration (n = 183)	N = 135	N = 48
	40 (29.6)	26 (54.2)	0.002
History of blood transfusion (n = 172)	N = 140	N = 32
	7 (5.0)	1 (3.1)	0.650
History of alcohol use disorder (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	36 (18.9)	22 (26.8)	0.139
Current alcohol use disorder (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	18 (9.4)	5 (6.1)	0.364
History of IV drug use (n = 259)	N = 177	N = 82
	79 (44.6)	39 (47.6)	0.660
Current IV drug use (n = 259)	N = 177	N = 82
	13 (7.3)	12 (14.6)	0.065
NASH (n = 271)	N = 189	N = 82
	5 (2.7)	8 (9.8)	0.012
Genotype, n (%) (n = 130)^a	N = 88	N = 42
1	54 (61.4)	34 (81.0)	0.514
2	15 (17.1)	3 (7.1)
3	9 (10.2)	4 (9.5)
4	6 (6.8)	1 (2.4)
5	0 (0)	0 (0)
6	4 (4.6)	0 (0)
Liver disease scores ± SD
APRI score (n = 140)	N = 67	N = 73
	1.026 ± 0.139	0.846 ± 0.176	0.429
FIB4 score (n = 139)	N = 65	N = 74
	2.08 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.25	0.148
CAP score (n = 107)	N = 55	N = 52
	243 ± 9	238 ± 7	0.660
kPa score (n = 108)	N = 55	N = 53
	8.7 ± 0.8	9.2 ± 1	0.665
Seen by PCP, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	140 (73.3)	4 (4.9)	< 0.001
Seen by Hep C provider, n (%) (n = 273)	N = 191	N = 82
	51 (26.7)	78 (95.1)	< 0.001

Table 2. Overall Characteristics

Characteristics

2016 - 2018

2019 - 2020

P value

^aNumber of patients in each cohort reflect those who responded; responses for these questions were voluntary. ^bNumber of patients in 2016 - 2018 cohort, 190; 2019 - 2020 cohort, 74; total, 264. APRI: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FIB4: fibrosis-4; Hep C: hepatitis C; IV: intravenous; kPa: kilopascals; PCP: primary care physician; SD: standard deviation.

Age, years ± SD (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

Average age

53.4 ± 1.1 years

46.8 ± 1.4 years

0.001

Sex, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

Female

78 (40.8)

27 (32.9)

0.218

Male

113 (59.2)

55 (67.1)

Race, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

American Indian

3 (1.6)

1 (1.2)

0.381

Asian

8 (4.2)

2 (2.4)

Black/African American

24 (12.6)

5 (6.1)

More than one race

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

Other Pacific Islander

3 (1.6)

0 (0)

White

152 (79.6)

74 (90.2)

Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

Hispanic or Latino

70 (36.7)

39 (47.6)

0.204

Not Hispanic or Latino

120 (62.8)

43 (52.4)

Unknown

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

Language, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

Non-English

43 (22.5)

19 (23.2)

0.577

English

148 (77.5)

63 (76.8)

Income, annual ± SD (n = 269)^a

N = 188

N = 81

Average income

7,834.28 ± 1,436.56

4,920.30 ± 1,056.16

0.206

Insurance, n (%)^a

Managed Care (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

165 (86.4)

64 (78.1)

0.086

Out-of-pocket (n = 273)

N = 190

N = 82

26 (13.7)

18 (22.0)

0.089

Inability to pay (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

5 (2.6)

13 (15.9)

Denials (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

38 (19.9)

19 (23.2)

0.542

Gilead Support Path Services (n = 273)^b

N = 190

N = 74

7 (3.7)

4 (5.4)

0.530

Risk factors, n (%)^a

History of incarceration (n = 183)

N = 135

N = 48

40 (29.6)

26 (54.2)

0.002

History of blood transfusion (n = 172)

N = 140

N = 32

7 (5.0)

1 (3.1)

0.650

History of alcohol use disorder (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

36 (18.9)

22 (26.8)

0.139

Current alcohol use disorder (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

18 (9.4)

5 (6.1)

0.364

History of IV drug use (n = 259)

N = 177

N = 82

79 (44.6)

39 (47.6)

0.660

Current IV drug use (n = 259)

N = 177

N = 82

13 (7.3)

12 (14.6)

0.065

NASH (n = 271)

N = 189

N = 82

5 (2.7)

8 (9.8)

0.012

Genotype, n (%) (n = 130)^a

N = 88

N = 42

54 (61.4)

34 (81.0)

0.514

15 (17.1)

3 (7.1)

9 (10.2)

4 (9.5)

6 (6.8)

1 (2.4)

0 (0)

4 (4.6)

0 (0)

Liver disease scores ± SD

APRI score (n = 140)

N = 67

N = 73

1.026 ± 0.139

0.846 ± 0.176

0.429

FIB4 score (n = 139)

N = 65

N = 74

2.08 ± 0.22

1.58 ± 0.25

0.148

CAP score (n = 107)

N = 55

N = 52

243 ± 9

238 ± 7

0.660

kPa score (n = 108)

N = 55

N = 53

8.7 ± 0.8

9.2 ± 1

0.665

Seen by PCP, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

140 (73.3)

4 (4.9)

< 0.001

Seen by Hep C provider, n (%) (n = 273)

N = 191

N = 82

51 (26.7)

78 (95.1)

< 0.001

**Table 3.** Differences in Linkage to Care
Characteristic	Seen by PCP	Seen by a Hep C provider	P value
^aNumbers of patients in each cohort reflect those who responded; responses for these questions were voluntary. APRI: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FIB4: fibrosis-4; Hep C: hepatitis C; IV: intravenous; kPa: kilopascals; PCP: primary care physician; SD: standard deviation.
Age, years ± SD (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
Average age	52.7 ± 1.2	50.3 ± 1.3	0.157
Sex, n (%) (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
Female	57 (39.3)	50 (37.3)	0.732
Male	88 (60.7)	84 (62.7)
Race, n (%) (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
American Indian	3 (2.1)	1 (0.8)	0.634
Asian	8 (5.5)	4 (3.0)
Black/African American	14 (9.7)	15 (11.2)
More than one race	1 (0.7)	0 (0)
Other Pacific Islander	1 (0.7)	2 (1.5)
White	118 (81.4)	112 (83.6)
Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
Hispanic or Latino	52 (35.9)	60 (44.8)	0.213
Not Hispanic or Latino	92 (63.5)	74 (55.2)
Unknown	1 (0.7)	0 (0)
Language, n (%) (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
Non-English	28 (19.3)	37 (27.6)	0.095
English	117 (80.7)	97 (72.4)
Income, annual ± SD (n = 275)^a	N = 142	N = 133
Average income	7,984.62 ± 1,859.39	6,153.18 ± 833.49	0.390
Insurance, n (%)^a
Managed Care (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
	119 (82.1)	116 (86.6)	0.303
Out-of-pocket (n = 278)	N = 144	N = 134
	26 (18.1)	18 (13.4)	0.291
Inability to pay (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
	7 (4.8)	11 (8.2)	0.251
Denials (n = 279)	N = 145	N = 134
	20 (13.8)	40 (29.9)	0.001
Gilead Services (n = 279)	N = 142	N = 128
	2 (1.4)	9 (7.0)	0.020
Risk factors, n (%)^a
History of incarceration (n = 184)	N = 116	N = 68
	38 (32.8)	28 (41.2)	0.250
History of blood transfusion (n = 173)	N = 118	N = 55
	6 (5.1)	2 (3.6)	0.673
History of alcohol use disorder (n = 278)	N = 144	N = 134
	28 (19.4)	33 (24.6)	0.297
Current alcohol use disorder (n = 278)	N = 144	N = 134
	15 (10.4)	9 (6.7)	0.272
History of IV drug use (n = 265)	N = 137	N = 128
	65 (47.5)	55 (43.0)	0.464
Current IV drug use (n = 265)	N = 137	N = 128
	12 (8.8)	13 (10.2)	0.697
NASH (n = 277)	N = 144	N = 133
	1 (0.7)	12 (9.0)	0.001
Genotype, n (%) (n = 133)^a	N = 57	N = 76
1	36 (63.2)	53 (69.7)	0.085
2	7 (12.3)	11 (14.5)
3	9 (15.8)	5 (6.6)
4	2 (3.5)	5 (6.6)
5	0 (0)	0 (0)
6	3 (5.3)	2 (2.6)
Liver disease scores ± SD^a
APRI score (n = 144)	N = 27	N = 117
	0.965 ± 0.153	0.924 ± 0.132	0.886
FIB4 score (n = 143)	N = 27	N = 116
	1.86 ± 0.30	1.80 ± 0.19	0.880
CAP score (n = 112)	N = 15	N = 97
	234 ± 17	243 ± 6	0.600
kPa score (n = 113)	N = 15	N = 98
	8.3 ± 1.2	8.9 ± 0.7	0.719

Table 3. Differences in Linkage to Care

Characteristic

Seen by PCP

Seen by a Hep C provider

P value

^aNumbers of patients in each cohort reflect those who responded; responses for these questions were voluntary. APRI: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FIB4: fibrosis-4; Hep C: hepatitis C; IV: intravenous; kPa: kilopascals; PCP: primary care physician; SD: standard deviation.

Age, years ± SD (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

Average age

52.7 ± 1.2

50.3 ± 1.3

0.157

Sex, n (%) (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

Female

57 (39.3)

50 (37.3)

0.732

Male

88 (60.7)

84 (62.7)

Race, n (%) (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

American Indian

3 (2.1)

1 (0.8)

0.634

Asian

8 (5.5)

4 (3.0)

Black/African American

14 (9.7)

15 (11.2)

More than one race

1 (0.7)

0 (0)

Other Pacific Islander

1 (0.7)

2 (1.5)

White

118 (81.4)

112 (83.6)

Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

Hispanic or Latino

52 (35.9)

60 (44.8)

0.213

Not Hispanic or Latino

92 (63.5)

74 (55.2)

Unknown

1 (0.7)

0 (0)

Language, n (%) (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

Non-English

28 (19.3)

37 (27.6)

0.095

English

117 (80.7)

97 (72.4)

Income, annual ± SD (n = 275)^a

N = 142

N = 133

Average income

7,984.62 ± 1,859.39

6,153.18 ± 833.49

0.390

Insurance, n (%)^a

Managed Care (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

119 (82.1)

116 (86.6)

0.303

Out-of-pocket (n = 278)

N = 144

N = 134

26 (18.1)

18 (13.4)

0.291

Inability to pay (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

7 (4.8)

11 (8.2)

0.251

Denials (n = 279)

N = 145

N = 134

20 (13.8)

40 (29.9)

0.001

Gilead Services (n = 279)

N = 142

N = 128

2 (1.4)

9 (7.0)

0.020

Risk factors, n (%)^a

History of incarceration (n = 184)

N = 116

N = 68

38 (32.8)

28 (41.2)

0.250

History of blood transfusion (n = 173)

N = 118

N = 55

6 (5.1)

2 (3.6)

0.673

History of alcohol use disorder (n = 278)

N = 144

N = 134

28 (19.4)

33 (24.6)

0.297

Current alcohol use disorder (n = 278)

N = 144

N = 134

15 (10.4)

9 (6.7)

0.272

History of IV drug use (n = 265)

N = 137

N = 128

65 (47.5)

55 (43.0)

0.464

Current IV drug use (n = 265)

N = 137

N = 128

12 (8.8)

13 (10.2)

0.697

NASH (n = 277)

N = 144

N = 133

1 (0.7)

12 (9.0)

0.001

Genotype, n (%) (n = 133)^a

N = 57

N = 76

36 (63.2)

53 (69.7)

0.085

7 (12.3)

11 (14.5)

9 (15.8)

5 (6.6)

2 (3.5)

5 (6.6)

0 (0)

3 (5.3)

2 (2.6)

Liver disease scores ± SD^a

APRI score (n = 144)

N = 27

N = 117

0.965 ± 0.153

0.924 ± 0.132

0.886

FIB4 score (n = 143)

N = 27

N = 116

1.86 ± 0.30

1.80 ± 0.19

0.880

CAP score (n = 112)

N = 15

N = 97

234 ± 17

243 ± 6

0.600

kPa score (n = 113)

N = 15

N = 98

8.3 ± 1.2

8.9 ± 0.7

0.719

**Table 4.** Differences in Eventual Treatment
Characteristic	No treatment	Received treatment	P value
^aNumbers of patients in each cohort reflect those who responded; responses for these questions were voluntary. APRI: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FIB4: fibrosis-4; Hep C: hepatitis C; IV: intravenous; kPa: kilopascals; PCP: primary care physician; SD: standard deviation.
Age, years ± SD (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
Average age	51.9 ± 1.4	51.4 ± 1.1	0.775
Sex, n (%) (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
Female	45 (38.8)	62 (38.3)	0.93
Male	71 (61.2)	100 (61.7)
Race, n (%) (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
American Indian	4 (3.5)	0 (0)	0.20
Asian	5 (4.3)	7 (4.3)
Black/African American	11 (9.5)	18 (11.1)
More than one race	1 (0.9)	0 (0)
Other Pacific Islander	1 (0.9)	2 (1.2)
White	94 (81.0)	135 (83.3)
Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
Hispanic or Latino	38 (32.8)	73 (45.1)	0.075
Not Hispanic or Latino	78 (67.2)	88 (54.3)
Unknown	0 (0)	1 (0.6)
Language, n (%) (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
Non-English	17 (14.7)	47 (29.0)	0.017
English	99 (85.3)	115 (71.9)
Income, annual ± SD (n = 274)^a	N = 113	N = 161
Average income	6,299.61 ± 2,181.38	7,703.93 ± 908.15	0.509
Insurance, n (%)^a
Managed care (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
	94 (81.0)	140 (86.42)	0.225
Out-of-pocket (n = 277)	N = 116	N = 161
	22 (19.0)	22 (13.7)	0.234
Inability to pay (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
	2 (1.7)	16 (9.9)	0.006
Denials (n = 278)	N = 116	N = 162
	6 (5.2)	54 (33.3)	< 0.001
Gilead Services (n = 269)	N = 115	N = 154
	0 (0)	11 (7.1)	0.003
Risk factors, n (%)^a
History of incarceration (n = 183)	N = 95	N = 88
	34 (35.8)	31 (35.2)	0.937
History of blood transfusion (n = 172)	N = 95	N = 77
	4 (4.2)	4 (5.2)	0.761
History of alcohol use disorder (n = 277)	N = 116	N = 161
	24 (20.7)	37 (23.0)	0.65
Current alcohol use disorder (n = 277)	N = 116	N = 161
	13 (11.2)	11 (6.8)	0.202
History of IV drug use (n = 264)	N = 108	N = 156
	53 (49.1)	67 (43.0)	0.326
Current IV drug use (n = 264)	N = 108	N = 156
	11 (10.2)	13 (8.3)	0.607
NASH (n = 276)	N = 115	N = 161
	0 (0)	13 (8.1)	0.002
Genotype, n (%) (n = 133)^a	N = 28	N = 105
1	21 (75.0)	67 (63.8)	0.318
2	3 (10.7)	15 (14.3)
3	2 (7.1)	12 (11.4)
4	0 (0)	7 (6.7)
5	0 (0)	0 (0)
6	2 (7.2)	3 (2.9)
Liver disease scores ± SD^a
APRI score (n = 144)	N = 13	N = 131
	1.119 ± 0.223	0.913 ± 0.120	0.594
FIB4 score (n = 143)	N = 15	N = 128
	2.26 ± 0.49	1.76 ± 0.18	0.358
CAP score (n = 112)	N = 11	N = 101
	195 ± 10	247 ± 6	0.005
kPa score (n = 113)	N = 11	N = 102
	8.1 ± 1.5	8.9 ± 0.6	0.70

Table 4. Differences in Eventual Treatment

Characteristic

No treatment

Received treatment

P value

Age, years ± SD (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

Average age

51.9 ± 1.4

51.4 ± 1.1

0.775

Sex, n (%) (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

Female

45 (38.8)

62 (38.3)

0.93

Male

71 (61.2)

100 (61.7)

Race, n (%) (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

American Indian

4 (3.5)

0 (0)

0.20

Asian

5 (4.3)

7 (4.3)

Black/African American

11 (9.5)

18 (11.1)

More than one race

1 (0.9)

0 (0)

Other Pacific Islander

1 (0.9)

2 (1.2)

White

94 (81.0)

135 (83.3)

Ethnicity, n (%) (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

Hispanic or Latino

38 (32.8)

73 (45.1)

0.075

Not Hispanic or Latino

78 (67.2)

88 (54.3)

Unknown

0 (0)

1 (0.6)

Language, n (%) (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

Non-English

17 (14.7)

47 (29.0)

0.017

English

99 (85.3)

115 (71.9)

Income, annual ± SD (n = 274)^a

N = 113

N = 161

Average income

6,299.61 ± 2,181.38

7,703.93 ± 908.15

0.509

Insurance, n (%)^a

Managed care (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

94 (81.0)

140 (86.42)

0.225

Out-of-pocket (n = 277)

N = 116

N = 161

22 (19.0)

22 (13.7)

0.234

Inability to pay (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

2 (1.7)

16 (9.9)

0.006

Denials (n = 278)

N = 116

N = 162

6 (5.2)

54 (33.3)

< 0.001

Gilead Services (n = 269)

N = 115

N = 154

0 (0)

11 (7.1)

0.003

Risk factors, n (%)^a

History of incarceration (n = 183)

N = 95

N = 88

34 (35.8)

31 (35.2)

0.937

History of blood transfusion (n = 172)

N = 95

N = 77

4 (4.2)

4 (5.2)

0.761

History of alcohol use disorder (n = 277)

N = 116

N = 161

24 (20.7)

37 (23.0)

0.65

Current alcohol use disorder (n = 277)

N = 116

N = 161

13 (11.2)

11 (6.8)

0.202

History of IV drug use (n = 264)

N = 108

N = 156

53 (49.1)

67 (43.0)

0.326

Current IV drug use (n = 264)

N = 108

N = 156

11 (10.2)

13 (8.3)

0.607

NASH (n = 276)

N = 115

N = 161

0 (0)

13 (8.1)

0.002

Genotype, n (%) (n = 133)^a

N = 28

N = 105

21 (75.0)

67 (63.8)

0.318

3 (10.7)

15 (14.3)

2 (7.1)

12 (11.4)

0 (0)

7 (6.7)

0 (0)

2 (7.2)

3 (2.9)

Liver disease scores ± SD^a

APRI score (n = 144)

N = 13

N = 131

1.119 ± 0.223

0.913 ± 0.120

0.594

FIB4 score (n = 143)

N = 15

N = 128

2.26 ± 0.49

1.76 ± 0.18

0.358

CAP score (n = 112)

N = 11

N = 101

195 ± 10

247 ± 6

0.005

kPa score (n = 113)

N = 11

N = 102

8.1 ± 1.5

8.9 ± 0.6

0.70