Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, June 2022, pages 127-135

Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Less Severe Bleeding in More Frail and Older Patients, Comparison Between Two Time Periods Fifteen Years Apart

Figure 3. Active bleeding or stigmata of recent bleeding in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding (%) in comparison with the two time periods.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Patients With AUGIB
	2004 - 2005 (N = 434)	2019 - 2020 (N = 401)	P
AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; SD: standard deviation; INR: international normalized ratio; BP: blood pressure; PR: pulse rate.
Male sex	322	74.2	279	69.6	0.137
Age (mean ± SD)	66.19 ± 16.04		69.48 ± 15.37		0.003
Inpatient onset of bleeding	18	4.1	33	8.2	0.0001
Hb on admission	10.24 ± 2.74		9.35 ± 2.32		0.001
Urea on admission	82.83 ± 53.77		86.32 ± 65.82		0.419
INR	1.27 - 2.03		1.49 - 1.89		0.155
BP on admission (mean ± SD)	122.41 ± 22.92		114.46 ± 16.98		0.001
PR on admission (mean ± SD)	86.76 ± 17.46		85.78 ± 13.83		0.562
Patients with comorbidity (%)	316	72.8	335	83.5	0.03
Cardiovascular diseases	228	52.5	250	62.3	0.004
Carlson Comorbidity Index	3.4 ± 2.3		5.6 ± 6.4		0.01
Anticoagulants	27	6.2	74	18.5	0.0001
Aspirin ± clopidogrel	160	36.9	136	33.9	ns

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With AUGIB

2004 - 2005 (N = 434)

2019 - 2020 (N = 401)

N/mean ± SD

AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; SD: standard deviation; INR: international normalized ratio; BP: blood pressure; PR: pulse rate.

Male sex

322

74.2

279

69.6

0.137

Age (mean ± SD)

66.19 ± 16.04

69.48 ± 15.37

0.003

Inpatient onset of bleeding

4.1

8.2

0.0001

Hb on admission

10.24 ± 2.74

9.35 ± 2.32

0.001

Urea on admission

82.83 ± 53.77

86.32 ± 65.82

0.419

INR

1.27 - 2.03

1.49 - 1.89

0.155

BP on admission (mean ± SD)

122.41 ± 22.92

114.46 ± 16.98

0.001

PR on admission (mean ± SD)

86.76 ± 17.46

85.78 ± 13.83

0.562

Patients with comorbidity (%)

316

72.8

335

83.5

0.03

Cardiovascular diseases

228

52.5

250

62.3

0.004

Carlson Comorbidity Index

3.4 ± 2.3

5.6 ± 6.4

0.01

Anticoagulants

6.2

18.5

0.0001

Aspirin ± clopidogrel

160

36.9

136

33.9

**Table 2.** Causes of AUGIB
	2004 - 2005 (N = 434)	2019 - 2020 (N = 401)	P
AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Peptic ulcer	247	56.9	154	38.4	0.0001
Variceal bleeding	32	7.4	53	13.2	0.043
Polyps/tumors	35	8.1	29	7.3	0.651
Gastroduodenal erosions	43	9.9	24	6.0	0.03
Esophagitis	12	2.8	16	4.0	0.325
Agiodysplasia Dielaphoy’s	13	3.0	34	8.5	0.0004
Mallory-Weiss tear	18	4.1	20	5.0	0.560
Gastric antral vascular ectasia	2	0.5	2	0.5	ns
Portal gastropathy	3	0.7	4	0.1	ns
Cameron erossions	2	0.5	2	0.5	ns
Post sphincterotomy bleeding	6	1.4	6	1.5	ns
Hemobilia	1	0.2	1	0.2	ns
Post polypectomy bleeding	1	0.2	2	0.5	ns
Impossible	2	0.5	2	0.5	ns
Aortoenteric fistula	2	0.5	0	0.0	ns
Rinoragia	0	0.0	1	0.2	ns
Negative endoscopy	15	3.5	51	12.7	0.011

Table 2. Causes of AUGIB

2004 - 2005 (N = 434)

2019 - 2020 (N = 401)

AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Peptic ulcer

247

56.9

154

38.4

0.0001

Variceal bleeding

7.4

13.2

0.043

Polyps/tumors

8.1

7.3

0.651

Gastroduodenal erosions

9.9

6.0

0.03

Esophagitis

2.8

4.0

0.325

Agiodysplasia Dielaphoy’s

3.0

8.5

0.0004

Mallory-Weiss tear

4.1

5.0

0.560

Gastric antral vascular ectasia

0.5

Portal gastropathy

0.7

0.1

Cameron erossions

0.5

Post sphincterotomy bleeding

1.4

1.5

Hemobilia

0.2

Post polypectomy bleeding

0.2

0.5

Impossible

0.5

Aortoenteric fistula

0.5

0.0

Rinoragia

0.0

0.2

Negative endoscopy

3.5

12.7

0.011

**Table 3.** Stigmata of Recent Bleeding in Peptic Ulcer Bleeding Patients
	2004 - 2005 (N = 247)	2019 - 2020 (N = 154)	P
Active bleeding	35	14.2	11	7.1	0.03
Ia	16		1
Ib	19		10
IIa	54	21.7	36	23.4	0.82
IIb	33	13.4	14	9.1	0.20
IIc	29	11.7	17	11	0.83
III	96	38.9	76	49.4	0.04
Ia, Ib, IIa, IIc	122	49.4	61	39.6	0.055
IIc, III	125	50.6	93	60.4	0.055

Table 3. Stigmata of Recent Bleeding in Peptic Ulcer Bleeding Patients

2004 - 2005 (N = 247)

2019 - 2020 (N = 154)

Active bleeding

14.2

7.1

0.03

IIa

21.7

23.4

0.82

IIb

13.4

9.1

0.20

IIc

11.7

0.83

III

38.9

49.4

0.04

Ia, Ib, IIa, IIc

122

49.4

39.6

0.055

IIc, III

125

50.6

60.4

0.055

**Table 4.** Clinical Outcome of Patients With AUGIB
	2004 - 2005 (N = 434)	2019 - 2020 (N = 401)	P
AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; SD: standard deviation.
Rebleeding	34	7.8	17	4.2	0.03
Blood transfusion (units)	2.10 ± 2.26		1.86 ± 2.30		0.382
Emergency surgical hemostasis	13	3.0	11	2.7	0.832
Hospitalization (days)	6.90 ± 5.00		7.50 ± 4.66		0.210
Death (%)	27	6.2	20	5.0	0.420

Table 4. Clinical Outcome of Patients With AUGIB

2004 - 2005 (N = 434)

2019 - 2020 (N = 401)

N/mean ± SD

AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; SD: standard deviation.

Rebleeding

7.8

4.2

0.03

Blood transfusion (units)

2.10 ± 2.26

1.86 ± 2.30

0.382

Emergency surgical hemostasis

3.0

2.7

0.832

Hospitalization (days)

6.90 ± 5.00

7.50 ± 4.66

0.210

Death (%)

6.2

5.0

0.420