Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 5, October 2020, pages 199-207

Fungal Infection in Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis Patients: Value of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score

Figure 1. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates the association between the proportion of basic infectious workup tests completed and infection status. Analysis is based on the area under the ROC curve. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

**Table 1.** Identification of Factors Associated With Any Infection (N = 457)
Variable	Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD	OR (95% CI)	C-statistics	P value
Y/N: yes/no; SD: standard deviation; C-statistic: concordance statistic; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney diseases; HD: hemodialysis; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; Fib-4: fibrosure-4; APRI: AST to platelet ration index; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; WBC: white blood cell count; Hb: hemoglobin; PT: prothrombin; INR: international normalized ratio; PTT: prothrombin time; TB: total bilirubin; DB: direct bilirubin; ALB: albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase test; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; Cr: creatinine.
SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)	159 (84.13)/116 (43.61)	6.85 (4.33, 10.85)	0.71	< 0.0001
Sex, male/female	164 (55.78)/113 (69.33)	0.56 (0.37, 0.84)	0.57	< 0.01
DM, Y/N (n = 455)	103 (68.67)/173 (56.72)	1.67 (1.11, 2.53)	0.56	0.01
CKD, Y/N (n = 456)	36 (66.67)/240 (59.70)	1.35 (0.74, 2.46)	0.52	0.33
HD, Y/N	21 (87.50)/256 (59.12)	4.84 (1.42, 16.45)	0.53	0.01
Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)	2 (28.57)/269 (60.86)	0.26 (0.05, 1.34)	0.51	0.11
Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)	20 (55.56)/256 (61.24)	0.79 (0.40, 1.57)	0.51	0.50
History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N	13 (76.47)/264 (60.00)	2.17 (0.70, 6.75)	0.51	0.18
History of cocci, Y/N	7 (50.00)/270 (60.95)	0.64 (0.22, 1.86)	0.51	0.41
TIPS, Y/N	28 (65.12)/249 (60.14)	1.24 (0.64, 2.39)	0.51	0.53
Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)	137 (58.05)/137 (63.13)	0.81 (0.55, 1.18)	0.53	0.27
Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)	164 (56.55)/103 (67.76)	0.62 (0.41, 0.94)	0.55	0.02
Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)	38 (76.00)/229 (58.57)	2.24 (1.14, 4.42)	0.54	0.02
Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)	36 (61.02)/240 (60.45)	1.02 (0.59, 1.79)	0.50	0.93
Lactate (n = 314)	3.29 ± 2.77	1.19 (1.05, 1.34)	0.58	< 0.01
Platelet	117.28 ± 78.21	0.999 (0.997, 1.002)	0.53	0.58
Fib-4	12.09 ± 26.13	1.003 (0.995, 1.011)	0.51	0.48
APRI	5.11 ± 17.57	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)	0.48	0.38
CTP	11.48 ± 1.46	1.10 (0.96, 1.25)	0.54	0.16
MELD (n = 428)	18.73 ± 8.52	1.04 (1.02, 1.07)	0.60	< 0.01
Age (n = 456)	55.50 ± 10.87	1.03 (1.02, 1.05)	0.60	< 0.001
WBC (n = 456)	9.08 ± 6.03	1.08 (1.04, 1.12)	0.58	< 0.0001
Hb	11.16 ± 2.78	0.99 (0.92, 1.06)	0.51	0.74
PT (n = 433)	21.42 ± 17.95	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.56	0.67
INR (n= 433)	1.69 ± 0.96	1.25 (0.98, 1.61)	0.57	0.08
PTT (n = 231)	38.57 ± 16.80	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)	0.58	< 0.05
TB (n = 453)	5.00 ± 6.32	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)	0.49	0.69
DB (n = 106)	5.70 ± 5.51	0.99 (0.92, 1.06)	0.45	0.73
ALB (n = 402)	3.43 ± 12.04	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	0.42	0.45
ALP (n = 455)	163.77 ± 128.99	0.999 (0.997, 1.000)	0.51	0.18
AST	115.86 ± 248.31	1.00 (0.999, 1.001)	0.47	0.54
ALT	64.95 ± 155.36	1.00 (0.999, 1.001)	0.46	0.77
Cr (n = 454)	1.54 ± 1.88	1.19 (1.03, 1.38)	0.60	0.02

Table 1. Identification of Factors Associated With Any Infection (N = 457)

Variable

Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD

OR (95% CI)

C-statistics

P value

Y/N: yes/no; SD: standard deviation; C-statistic: concordance statistic; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney diseases; HD: hemodialysis; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; Fib-4: fibrosure-4; APRI: AST to platelet ration index; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; WBC: white blood cell count; Hb: hemoglobin; PT: prothrombin; INR: international normalized ratio; PTT: prothrombin time; TB: total bilirubin; DB: direct bilirubin; ALB: albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase test; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; Cr: creatinine.

SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)

159 (84.13)/116 (43.61)

6.85 (4.33, 10.85)

0.71

< 0.0001

Sex, male/female

164 (55.78)/113 (69.33)

0.56 (0.37, 0.84)

0.57

< 0.01

DM, Y/N (n = 455)

103 (68.67)/173 (56.72)

1.67 (1.11, 2.53)

0.56

0.01

CKD, Y/N (n = 456)

36 (66.67)/240 (59.70)

1.35 (0.74, 2.46)

0.52

0.33

HD, Y/N

21 (87.50)/256 (59.12)

4.84 (1.42, 16.45)

0.53

0.01

Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)

2 (28.57)/269 (60.86)

0.26 (0.05, 1.34)

0.51

0.11

Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)

20 (55.56)/256 (61.24)

0.79 (0.40, 1.57)

0.51

0.50

History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N

13 (76.47)/264 (60.00)

2.17 (0.70, 6.75)

0.51

0.18

History of cocci, Y/N

7 (50.00)/270 (60.95)

0.64 (0.22, 1.86)

0.51

0.41

TIPS, Y/N

28 (65.12)/249 (60.14)

1.24 (0.64, 2.39)

0.51

0.53

Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)

137 (58.05)/137 (63.13)

0.81 (0.55, 1.18)

0.53

0.27

Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)

164 (56.55)/103 (67.76)

0.62 (0.41, 0.94)

0.55

0.02

Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)

38 (76.00)/229 (58.57)

2.24 (1.14, 4.42)

0.54

0.02

Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)

36 (61.02)/240 (60.45)

1.02 (0.59, 1.79)

0.50

0.93

Lactate (n = 314)

3.29 ± 2.77

1.19 (1.05, 1.34)

0.58

< 0.01

Platelet

117.28 ± 78.21

0.999 (0.997, 1.002)

0.53

0.58

Fib-4

12.09 ± 26.13

1.003 (0.995, 1.011)

0.51

0.48

APRI

5.11 ± 17.57

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.48

0.38

CTP

11.48 ± 1.46

1.10 (0.96, 1.25)

0.54

0.16

MELD (n = 428)

18.73 ± 8.52

1.04 (1.02, 1.07)

0.60

< 0.01

Age (n = 456)

55.50 ± 10.87

1.03 (1.02, 1.05)

0.60

< 0.001

WBC (n = 456)

9.08 ± 6.03

1.08 (1.04, 1.12)

0.58

< 0.0001

11.16 ± 2.78

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.51

0.74

PT (n = 433)

21.42 ± 17.95

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.56

0.67

INR (n= 433)

1.69 ± 0.96

1.25 (0.98, 1.61)

0.57

0.08

PTT (n = 231)

38.57 ± 16.80

1.03 (1.00, 1.06)

0.58

< 0.05

TB (n = 453)

5.00 ± 6.32

0.99 (0.97, 1.02)

0.49

0.69

DB (n = 106)

5.70 ± 5.51

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.45

0.73

ALB (n = 402)

3.43 ± 12.04

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.42

0.45

ALP (n = 455)

163.77 ± 128.99

0.999 (0.997, 1.000)

0.51

0.18

AST

115.86 ± 248.31

1.00 (0.999, 1.001)

0.47

0.54

ALT

64.95 ± 155.36

1.00 (0.999, 1.001)

0.46

0.77

Cr (n = 454)

1.54 ± 1.88

1.19 (1.03, 1.38)

0.60

0.02

**Table 2.** Identification of Factors Associated With Bacterial Infection (N = 457)
Variable	Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD	OR (95% CI)	C-statistics	P value
Y/N: yes/no; SD: standard deviation; C-statistic: concordance statistic; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney diseases; HD: hemodialysis; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; Fib-4: fibrosure-4; APRI: AST to platelet ration index; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; WBC: white blood cell count; Hb: hemoglobin; PT: prothrombin; INR: international normalized ratio; PTT: prothrombin time; TB: total bilirubin; DB: direct bilirubin; ALB: albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase test; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; Cr: creatinine.
SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)	114 (60.32)/92 (34.59)	2.88 (1.96, 4.23)	0.63	< 0.0001
Sex, male/female	120 (40.82)/86 (52.76)	0.62 (0.42, 0.91)	0.56	0.01
DM, Y/N (n = 455)	70 (46.67)/135 (44.26)	1.10 (0.74, 1.63)	0.51	0.63
CKD, Y/N (n = 456)	28 (51.85)/177 (44.03)	1.37 (0.78, 2.42)	0.52	0.28
HD, Y/N	15 (62.50)/191 (44.11)	2.11 (0.90, 4.93)	0.52	0.08
Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)	1 (14.29)/200 (45.25)	0.20 (0.02, 1.69)	0.51	0.14
Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)	12 (33.33)/194 (46.41)	0.58 (0.28, 1.19)	0.52	0.13
History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N	7 (41.18)/199 (45.23)	0.85 (0.32, 2.27)	0.50	0.74
History of cocci, Y/N	5 (35.71)/201 (45.37)	0.67 (0.22, 2.03)	0.51	0.48
TIPS, Y/N	25 (58.14)/181 (43.72)	1.79 (0.95, 3.38)	0.53	0.07
Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)	94 (39.83)/109 (50.23)	0.66 (0.45, 0.95)	0.55	0.03
Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)	121 (41.72)/77 (50.66)	0.70 (0.47, 1.04)	0.54	0.07
Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)	28 (56.00)/172 (43.99)	1.62 (0.90, 2.93)	0.52	0.11
Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)	27 (45.76)/179 (45.09)	1.03 (0.59, 1.78)	0.50	0.92
Lactate (n = 314)	3.29 ± 2.77	1.11 (1.01, 1.21)	0.58	0.02
Platelet	117.28 ± 78.21	1.001 (0.999, 1.004)	0.52	0.23
Fib-4	12.09 ± 26.13	1.003 (0.996, 1.010)	0.47	0.40
APRI	5.11 ± 17.57	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)	0.45	0.28
CTP	11.48 ± 1.46	1.16 (1.02, 1.32)	0.57	0.02
MELD (n = 428)	18.73 ± 8.52	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	0.56	0.05
Age (n = 456)	55.50 ± 10.87	1.03 (1.01, 1.05)	0.59	< 0.01
WBC (n = 456)	9.08 ± 6.03	1.06 (1.03, 1.10)	0.58	< 0.001
Hb	11.16 ± 2.78	0.98 (0.92, 1.05)	0.51	0.58
PT (n = 433)	21.42 ± 17.95	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)	0.55	0.35
INR (n = 433)	1.69 ± 0.96	1.20 (0.97, 1.49)	0.55	0.09
PTT (n = 231)	38.57 ± 16.80	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.57	0.28
TB (n = 453)	5.00 ± 6.32	0.98 (0.95, 1.01)	0.52	0.27
DB (n = 106)	5.70 ± 5.51	1.00 (0.93, 1.07)	0.51	0.95
ALB (n = 402)	3.43 ± 12.04	1.00 (0.98, 1.01)	0.53	0.73
ALP (n = 455)	163.77 ± 128.99	0.999 (0.997, 1.000)	0.54	0.13
AST	115.86 ± 248.31	1.000 (0.999, 1.001)	0.47	0.84
ALT	64.95 ± 155.36	1.000 (0.998, 1.001)	0.57	0.62
Cr (n = 454)	1.54 ± 1.88	1.10 (0.98, 1.22)	0.59	0.09

Table 2. Identification of Factors Associated With Bacterial Infection (N = 457)

Variable

Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD

OR (95% CI)

C-statistics

P value

SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)

114 (60.32)/92 (34.59)

2.88 (1.96, 4.23)

0.63

< 0.0001

Sex, male/female

120 (40.82)/86 (52.76)

0.62 (0.42, 0.91)

0.56

0.01

DM, Y/N (n = 455)

70 (46.67)/135 (44.26)

1.10 (0.74, 1.63)

0.51

0.63

CKD, Y/N (n = 456)

28 (51.85)/177 (44.03)

1.37 (0.78, 2.42)

0.52

0.28

HD, Y/N

15 (62.50)/191 (44.11)

2.11 (0.90, 4.93)

0.52

0.08

Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)

1 (14.29)/200 (45.25)

0.20 (0.02, 1.69)

0.51

0.14

Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)

12 (33.33)/194 (46.41)

0.58 (0.28, 1.19)

0.52

0.13

History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N

7 (41.18)/199 (45.23)

0.85 (0.32, 2.27)

0.50

0.74

History of cocci, Y/N

5 (35.71)/201 (45.37)

0.67 (0.22, 2.03)

0.51

0.48

TIPS, Y/N

25 (58.14)/181 (43.72)

1.79 (0.95, 3.38)

0.53

0.07

Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)

94 (39.83)/109 (50.23)

0.66 (0.45, 0.95)

0.55

0.03

Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)

121 (41.72)/77 (50.66)

0.70 (0.47, 1.04)

0.54

0.07

Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)

28 (56.00)/172 (43.99)

1.62 (0.90, 2.93)

0.52

0.11

Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)

27 (45.76)/179 (45.09)

1.03 (0.59, 1.78)

0.50

0.92

Lactate (n = 314)

3.29 ± 2.77

1.11 (1.01, 1.21)

0.58

0.02

Platelet

117.28 ± 78.21

1.001 (0.999, 1.004)

0.52

0.23

Fib-4

12.09 ± 26.13

1.003 (0.996, 1.010)

0.47

0.40

APRI

5.11 ± 17.57

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.45

0.28

CTP

11.48 ± 1.46

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

0.57

0.02

MELD (n = 428)

18.73 ± 8.52

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)

0.56

0.05

Age (n = 456)

55.50 ± 10.87

1.03 (1.01, 1.05)

0.59

< 0.01

WBC (n = 456)

9.08 ± 6.03

1.06 (1.03, 1.10)

0.58

< 0.001

11.16 ± 2.78

0.98 (0.92, 1.05)

0.51

0.58

PT (n = 433)

21.42 ± 17.95

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.55

0.35

INR (n = 433)

1.69 ± 0.96

1.20 (0.97, 1.49)

0.55

0.09

PTT (n = 231)

38.57 ± 16.80

1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

0.57

0.28

TB (n = 453)

5.00 ± 6.32

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

0.52

0.27

DB (n = 106)

5.70 ± 5.51

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

0.51

0.95

ALB (n = 402)

3.43 ± 12.04

1.00 (0.98, 1.01)

0.53

0.73

ALP (n = 455)

163.77 ± 128.99

0.999 (0.997, 1.000)

0.54

0.13

AST

115.86 ± 248.31

1.000 (0.999, 1.001)

0.47

0.84

ALT

64.95 ± 155.36

1.000 (0.998, 1.001)

0.57

0.62

Cr (n = 454)

1.54 ± 1.88

1.10 (0.98, 1.22)

0.59

0.09

**Table 3.** Identification of Factors Associated With Fungal Infections (N = 457)
Variable	Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD	OR (95% CI)	C-statistics	P value
Y/N: yes/no; SD: standard deviation; C-statistic: concordance statistic; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney diseases; HD: hemodialysis; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; Fib-4: fibrosure-4; APRI: AST to platelet ration index; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; WBC: white blood cell count; Hb: hemoglobin; PT: prothrombin; INR: international normalized ratio; PTT: prothrombin time; TB: total bilirubin; DB: direct bilirubin; ALB: albumin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase test; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; Cr: creatinine.
SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)	12 (6.35)/13 (4.89)	1.32 (0.59, 2.96)	0.53	0.50
Sex, male/female	13 (4.42)/12 (7.36)	0.58 (0.26, 1.31)	0.57	0.19
DM, Y/N (n = 455)	11 (7.33)/14 (4.59)	1.65 (0.73, 3.72)	0.56	0.23
CKD, Y/N (n = 456)	4 (7.41)/21 (5.22)	1.45 (0.48, 4.40)	0.52	0.51
HD, Y/N	1 (4.17)/24 (5.54)	0.74 (0.10, 5.72)	0.51	0.77
Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)	1 (14.29)/24 (5.43)	2.90 (0.34, 25.09)	0.51	0.33
Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)	3 (8.33)/22 (5.26)	1.64 (0.47, 5.75)	0.52	0.44
History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N	0 (0)/25 (5.68)	NA	0.52	0.98
History of cocci, Y/N	0 (0)/25 (5.64)	NA	0.52	0.98
TIPS, Y/N	1 (2.33)/24 (5.80)	0.39 (0.05, 2.93)	0.53	0.36
Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)	13 (5.51)/12 (5.53)	1.00 (0.44, 2.23)	0.50	0.99
Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)	15 (5.17)/9 (5.92)	0.87 (0.37, 2.03)	0.52	0.74
Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)	5 (10.00)/20 (5.12)	2.06 (0.74, 5.76)	0.55	0.17
Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)	2 (3.39)/23 (5.79)	0.57 (0.13, 2.49)	0.53	0.45
Lactate (n = 314)	3.29 ± 2.77	1.10 (0.98, 1.25)	0.62	0.11
Platelet	117.28 ± 78.21	0.996 (0.990, 1.002)	0.55	0.21
Fib-4	12.09 ± 26.13	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	0.57	0.76
APRI	5.11 ± 17.57	0.99 (0.95, 1.03)	0.45	0.67
CTP	11.48 ± 1.46	1.20 (0.91, 1.60)	0.55	0.20
MELD (n = 428)	18.73 ± 8.52	1.06 (1.01, 1.10)	0.69	0.01
Age (n = 456)	55.50 ± 10.87	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	0.53	0.53
WBC (n = 456)	9.08 ± 6.03	0.96 (0.89, 1.04)	0.51	0.35
Hb	11.16 ± 2.78	0.84 (0.72, 0.97)	0.64	0.02
PT (n = 433)	21.42 ± 17.95	1.013 (1.001, 1.026)	0.70	0.03
INR (n = 433)	1.69 ± 0.96	1.34 (1.03, 1.74)	0.71	0.03
PTT (n = 231)	38.57 ± 16.80	1.015 (0.996, 1.034)	0.73	0.13
TB (n = 453)	5.00 ± 6.32	1.052 (1.004, 1.102)	0.63	0.03
DB (n = 106)	5.70 ± 5.51	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)	0.52	0.35
ALB (n = 402)	3.43 ± 12.04	1.013 (0.996, 1.031)	0.41	0.13
ALP (n = 455)	163.77 ± 128.99	0.999 (0.995, 1.003)	0.53	0.59
AST	115.86 ± 248.31	0.996 (0.990, 1.003)	0.52	0.27
ALT	64.95 ± 155.36	0.99 (0.98, 1.01)	0.56	0.18
Cr (n = 454)	1.54 ± 1.88	1.01 (0.82, 1.25)	0.51	0.89

Table 3. Identification of Factors Associated With Fungal Infections (N = 457)

Variable

Infection frequency (%)/mean ± SD

OR (95% CI)

C-statistics

P value

SIRS criteria, Y/N (n = 455)

12 (6.35)/13 (4.89)

1.32 (0.59, 2.96)

0.53

0.50

Sex, male/female

13 (4.42)/12 (7.36)

0.58 (0.26, 1.31)

0.57

0.19

DM, Y/N (n = 455)

11 (7.33)/14 (4.59)

1.65 (0.73, 3.72)

0.56

0.23

CKD, Y/N (n = 456)

4 (7.41)/21 (5.22)

1.45 (0.48, 4.40)

0.52

0.51

HD, Y/N

1 (4.17)/24 (5.54)

0.74 (0.10, 5.72)

0.51

0.77

Chemotherapy, Y/N (n = 449)

1 (14.29)/24 (5.43)

2.90 (0.34, 25.09)

0.51

0.33

Immunotherapy, Y/N (n = 454)

3 (8.33)/22 (5.26)

1.64 (0.47, 5.75)

0.52

0.44

History of Clostridium difficile, Y/N

0 (0)/25 (5.68)

0.52

0.98

History of cocci, Y/N

0 (0)/25 (5.64)

0.52

0.98

TIPS, Y/N

1 (2.33)/24 (5.80)

0.39 (0.05, 2.93)

0.53

0.36

Ever smoker, Y/N (n = 453)

13 (5.51)/12 (5.53)

1.00 (0.44, 2.23)

0.50

0.99

Ever drinker, Y/N (n = 442)

15 (5.17)/9 (5.92)

0.87 (0.37, 2.03)

0.52

0.74

Antibiotic, Y/N (n = 441)

5 (10.00)/20 (5.12)

2.06 (0.74, 5.76)

0.55

0.17

Supplements, Y/N (n = 456)

2 (3.39)/23 (5.79)

0.57 (0.13, 2.49)

0.53

0.45

Lactate (n = 314)

3.29 ± 2.77

1.10 (0.98, 1.25)

0.62

0.11

Platelet

117.28 ± 78.21

0.996 (0.990, 1.002)

0.55

0.21

Fib-4

12.09 ± 26.13

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

0.57

0.76

APRI

5.11 ± 17.57

0.99 (0.95, 1.03)

0.45

0.67

CTP

11.48 ± 1.46

1.20 (0.91, 1.60)

0.55

0.20

MELD (n = 428)

18.73 ± 8.52

1.06 (1.01, 1.10)

0.69

0.01

Age (n = 456)

55.50 ± 10.87

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.53

WBC (n = 456)

9.08 ± 6.03

0.96 (0.89, 1.04)

0.51

0.35

11.16 ± 2.78

0.84 (0.72, 0.97)

0.64

0.02

PT (n = 433)

21.42 ± 17.95

1.013 (1.001, 1.026)

0.70

0.03

INR (n = 433)

1.69 ± 0.96

1.34 (1.03, 1.74)

0.71

0.03

PTT (n = 231)

38.57 ± 16.80

1.015 (0.996, 1.034)

0.73

0.13

TB (n = 453)

5.00 ± 6.32

1.052 (1.004, 1.102)

0.63

0.03

DB (n = 106)

5.70 ± 5.51

0.91 (0.76, 1.10)

0.52

0.35

ALB (n = 402)

3.43 ± 12.04

1.013 (0.996, 1.031)

0.41

0.13

ALP (n = 455)

163.77 ± 128.99

0.999 (0.995, 1.003)

0.53

0.59

AST

115.86 ± 248.31

0.996 (0.990, 1.003)

0.52

0.27

ALT

64.95 ± 155.36

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

0.56

0.18

Cr (n = 454)

1.54 ± 1.88

1.01 (0.82, 1.25)

0.51

0.89

**Table 4.** Cutoffs for Fungal Infection (N = 457)
Variable	Best cutoff^a	Sensitivity^b	Specificity^b	Youden^c
^aThe value maximizes Youden statistic. ^bROC analysis was performed to derive sensitivity and specificity based on a logistic regression model with the continuous variable of interest (e.g., MELD) as the only covariate. ^cYouden = sensitivity + specificity - 1. MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
MELD	19.33	81.8%	58.6%	40.4%
Total bilirubin	4.20	64.0%	67.8%	31.8%
International normalized ratio	1.50	79.2%	54.8%	33.9%
Hemoglobin	11.30	76.0%	49.8%	25.8%

Table 4. Cutoffs for Fungal Infection (N = 457)

Variable

Best cutoff^a

Sensitivity^b

Specificity^b

Youden^c

^aThe value maximizes Youden statistic. ^bROC analysis was performed to derive sensitivity and specificity based on a logistic regression model with the continuous variable of interest (e.g., MELD) as the only covariate. ^cYouden = sensitivity + specificity - 1. MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

MELD

19.33

81.8%

58.6%

40.4%

Total bilirubin

4.20

64.0%

67.8%

31.8%

International normalized ratio

1.50

79.2%

54.8%

33.9%

Hemoglobin

11.30

76.0%

49.8%

25.8%