Figure 1. Population derivation.
| Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website http://www.gastrores.org |
Original Article
Volume 13, Number 2, April 2020, pages 53-57
Outcomes of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Nationwide Study
Figure
Tables
| Variables | No cirrhosis | Cirrhosis | Total | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMA: against medical advice; CDI: Clostridioides difficile infection. | ||||
| Patient level variables | ||||
| Mean age | 67.4 ± 17.2 | 60.3 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Gender | < 0.0001 | |||
| Men | 521,505 (41.0%) | 28,900 (54.8%) | 550,405 (41.5%) | |
| Women | 753,245 (59.0%) | 23,865 (45.2%) | 777,110 (58.5%) | |
| Race | < 0.0001 | |||
| White | 909,590 (71.4%) | 35,085 (66.5%) | 944,675 (71.2%) | |
| Black | 157,500 (12.3%) | 5,785 (11.0%) | 163,285 (12.3%) | |
| Others | 207,725 (16.3%) | 11,890 (22.5%) | 219,615 (16.5%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Obesity | 145,400 (11.4%) | 6,005 (11.4%) | 151,405 (11.4%) | 0.8606 |
| Congestive heart failure | 255,360 (20.0%) | 8,835 (16.7%) | 264,195 (20.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| History of hypertension | 787,230 (61.8%) | 27,350 (51.8%) | 814,580 (61.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 280,525 (22.0%) | 13,485 (25.6%) | 294,010 (22.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 48,320 (3.8%) | 19,950 (37.8%) | 68,270 (5.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Toxic megacolon | 1,925 (0.2%) | 50 (0.1%) | 1,975 (0.2%) | 0.001 |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 5,635 (0.4%) | 535 (1.0%) | 6,170 (0.5%) | < 0.0001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 53,275 (4.2%) | 1,165 (2.2%) | 54,440 (4.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 49,580 (3.9%) | 2,520 (4.8%) | 52,100 (4.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Renal failure | 332,890 (26.1%) | 13,930 (26.4%) | 346,820 (26.1%) | 0.1406 |
| Chronic lung disease | 313,575 (24.6%) | 12,305 (23.3%) | 325,880 (24.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Primary payer | < 0.0001 | |||
| Medicare/medicaid | 992,350 (77.9%) | 38,180 (72.4%) | 1,030,530 (77.6%) | |
| Private insurance | 224,575 (17.6%) | 10,300 (19.5%) | 234,875 (17.7%) | |
| Self-pay/others | 57,615 (4.5%) | 4,265 (8.1%) | 61,880 (4.7%) | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Hospital bed size | < 0.0001 | |||
| Small | 193,270 (15.2%) | 6,770 (12.8%) | 200,040 (15.1%) | |
| Medium | 344,310 (27.0%) | 14,080 (26.7%) | 358,390 (27.0%) | |
| Large | 737,250 (57.8%) | 31,915 (60.5%) | 769,165 (57.9%) | |
| Hospital location/teaching status | < 0.0001 | |||
| Rural | 115,830 (9.1%) | 2,995 (5.7%) | 118,825 (9.0%) | |
| Urban nonteaching | 416,975 (32.7%) | 14,905 (28.3%) | 431,880 (32.5%) | |
| Urban teaching | 742,025 (58.2%) | 34,865 (66.1%) | 776,890 (58.5%) | |
| Disposition | < 0.0001 | |||
| Home | 465,470 (36.5%) | 20,885 (39.6%) | 486,355 (36.7%) | |
| Facility/others | 713,590 (56.0%) | 25,855 (49.0%) | 739,445 (55.7%) | |
| AMA | 7,040 (0.6%) | 685 (1.3%) | 7,725 (0.6%) | |
| Died | 88,190 (6.9%) | 5,315 (10.1%) | 93,505 (7.0%) | |
| Cost | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean | 23,055.6 ± 39,926.9 | 26,535.3 ± 41,379.2 | ||
| Length of stay | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean | 10.4 ± 13.2 | 11.0 ± 12.9 | ||
| Outcomes (mortality) | Adjusted odds ratio | Lower limit | Upper limit | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted with age, gender, hospital level characteristics (hospital type, bed-size) and comorbidities (obesity, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metastatic cancer, immunodeficiency, alcohol abuse, toxic megacolon, renal failure, chronic lung disease). CDI: Clostridioides difficile infection. | ||||
| Without cirrhosis | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With cirrhosis | 1.65 | 1.53 | 1.77 | < 0.001 |