| Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website http://www.gastrores.org |
Review
Volume 11, Number 4, August 2018, pages 264-273
Difference Between Left-Sided and Right-Sided Colorectal Cancer: A Focused Review of Literature
Tables
| Right sided colorectal cancer | Left sided colorectal cancer | References |
|---|---|---|
| Mucinous adenocarcinomas, sessile serrated adenomas | Tubular, villous adenocarcinomas | [8, 12, 13] |
| Flat like morphology | Polypoid like morphology | [9, 10] |
| MSI-high and mismatch repair deficient tumors | CIN-high tumors | [11] |
| Highly immunogenic, high T cell infiltration | Low immunogenic | [14, 15] |
| Metastases in peritoneal region | Liver and lung metastases | [16, 17] |
| Occur in older ages | Occur in younger ages | [18] |
| Predominantly occur in female | Predominantly occurs in males | [7, 10] |
| Better prognosis at early stages (stage I and II) | Better prognosis at late stages (stage III and IV) | [19, 20] |
| Respond well to immunotherapy | Respond well to adjuvant chemotherapies including standard chemotherapies and targeted therapies | [21, 22] |
| While RCRC tumors tend to be MSI-high, LCRC tumors are CIN-high tumors. The frequency of each mutation is evaluated in each group. | ||||
| CIN tumors (non-hypermutated tumors) | ||||
| APC | Tumor suppressor gene | Inhibition of Wnt signaling | Frameshift, point mutation, deletion, allele loss | 70-80% |
| TP53 | Tumor suppressor gene | Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis | Point mutation, allelic loss | 50-60% |
| KRAS | Oncogene | Cell proliferation and survival | Point mutation in codons 12,13,61 | 40% |
| PIK3CA | Oncogene | Cell proliferation and survival | Point mutations in exon 9 and 20 | 15-25% |
| FBXW7 | Tumor suppressor | Targets oncoproteins for degradation | Nonsense, missense, deletion | 20% |
| SMAD4 | Tumor suppressor | Intracellular signal transmitter of TGF-β pathway | Nonsense, missense, allele loss | 10-15% |
| TCF7L2 | Tumor suppressor | Regulation of Wnt signaling | Frameshift, nonsense | 5% |
| NRAS | Oncogene | Cell proliferation and cell surival | Point mutations in codons 12, 13, 61 | <5% |
| CTNNB1 | Oncogene | Promote tumor growth and invasion | Point mutation, in frame deletions in N terminal | < 5% |
| SMAD2 | Tumor suppressor | Intracellular signal transmitter of TGF-β pathway | Nonsense, missense, allele loss | 5-10% |
| FAM123B(WTX) | Tumor suppressor | Causing mesenchymal phenotype | Nonsense mutation | 7% |
| SOX9 | Oncogene | Cell proliferation and induces stemness | Point mutations | 4% |
| ARID1A | Tumor suppressor | Chromatin remodeling | Point mutation, deletion | 5% |
| ATM | Tumor suppressor gene | Cell cycle arrest | Point mutation, deletion | 7% |
| MSI-high tumors | ||||
| MLH1 | Tumor suppressor gene | DNA mismatch repair | Point mutations, insertions causing incativation | 77% |
| BRAF | Oncogene | Cell proliferation and cell survival | Point mutations in codon 600 | 46% |
| MSH2 | Tumor suppressor gene | DNA mismatch repair | Point mutations, insertions causing incativation | 40% |
| MSH6 | Tumor suppressor gene | DNA mismatch repair | Point mutations, insertions causing incativation | 40% |
| MSH 3 | Tumor suppressor gene | DNA mismatch repair | Point mutations, insertions causing incativation | 40% |
| POLE | Tumor suppressor gene | DNA proofreading mechanism | Missense mutation | 10% |
| ACVR2A | Tumor suppressor gene | Frameshift | Cellular growth | 62% |
| APC | Tumor suppressor gene | Inhibition of Wnt signaling | Frameshift, point mutation, deletion, allele loss | 51% |
| TGFβR2 | Tumor suppressor gene | Regulation of Wnt signaling | Frameshift, nonsense | 51% |